Diamond cites multiple factors Essay

A tale of two very similar farms, 500 years apart in time, in Montana and in Greenland respectively, sets the scene for Jared Diamond’s romp round the known world with an ecological bee in his bonnet. One farm prospered, and the other collapsed. Here ends the first reading, and sure enough, another few dozen parables of human folly follow immediately after. The book reads like a sequel to Diamond’s Pulitzer Prize winning title of 1997: Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies even though the focus this time is more firmly on the societies that failed. The same cherry-picking formula is used, and the same breezy tone makes Collapse a fairly easy read, despite its heavy theme and expansive range. The book’s central thesis is that it is geography, more than history, that ultimately causes the demise of individual human communities and societies. This is perhaps not surprising from a professor of geology and physiology at the University of California in Los Angeles. The frozen wastes of Greenland and the striking stone heads of Easter Island are presented as grim reminders of past civilisations. Diamond cites multiple factors such as environmental change, climate change, hostile neighbours, loss of trading partners and a poor response to emerging environmental problems as the causes of decline and ultimately the collapse of these societies. He is at his best when he talks about smaller, more isolated and pre-industrial groups, putting us all in mind of an earlier time when people generally lived in villages rather than cities. The book shifts, however, and applies the same kind of analysis to large city-based civilizations like the ancient Maya of South America and more mixed modern economies such as China and Australia. In these cases, as they say, the plot thickens and when Diamond gets his crystal ball out, he predicts that China, â€Å"the lurching giant† will have to apply its typical top-down draconian pressures to environmental issues in the same way that it enforced a strict curb on the birth rate. Diamond’s innocuous description of China’s brutal one child ruling as â€Å"family planning policies †¦ bold and effectively carried out† underplays the culture shift that would need to occur if ever a western democracy were to try a similar tactic in aid of environmental reforms. One can’t help thinking that Diamond has not yet got his head round the concept of globalization and the astonishing capacity that modern democracies have for technological solutions to the old crises of supply and demand of raw resources. His rather glib conclusion â€Å"Globalization makes it impossible for modern societies to collapse in isolation†¦ for the first time we face the risk of a global decline† simply expands the primitive pattern to a bigger scale. This book is a wake up call. Some of its claims are exaggerated, as when the situation of modern Australia is compared to â€Å"an exponentially accelerating horse race† which for Diamond means â€Å"accelerating in the manner of a nuclear chain reaction. † The metaphors may be hopelessly mixed, but the point he is making is clear and critically important. After a leisurely wander through most of human civilisation as we know it, Diamond draws sobering conclusions about the cost of mistakes that we should, theoretically at least, be able to predict and deal with before they become fatal and final errors. While we may not be able to agree with all of his conclusions, we certainly are in debt to Jared Diamond for providing us with, yet again, a gripping sequence of well-drawn episodes and plenty of food for thought.

Excessive Happiness with Patch Adams Essay

â€Å"Patch Adams† is one brilliant movie that touches the hearts of those who watch it and also has this very strong force that attracts the viewer’s attention to continue indulging into every scene, to listen in every line spoken by each actor, for in each line hides a deeper meaning. Lastly, this movie truly affects the lives of the people watching, young and old alike. Patch Adams is truthfully a very heartwarming story that makes one person think and focus on one’s own purpose and plan in life. It thought me to enjoy every moment of my life and to keep on pursuing what my heart truly desires. As Arthur Mendelson said, â€Å"If you focus on the problem, you can’t see the solution. Never focus on the problem! See what no one else sees. See what everyone chooses not to see†¦ out of fear, conformity or laziness. See the whole world anew each day!† This movie is also packed with humor, sorrow, love, but most of all hope. It is a one of a kind story that lifts the spirit of all who are depressed, of those who feel as if they’re all alone in life, and those people who are battling with sickness. It teaches us that death is a natural phenomenon which we can’t avoid and escape from, and at the same time it instill in our minds that as long as we live, we should make the most out of our lives, fix all the misunderstandings, communicate to the person we haven’t talked for a long time, and above all, continue serving the people and God. I could not say anything negative against the movie because in the first place, it has excellently portrayed the beauty of life. Also, the story imparted a lesson that what matters most is the happiness and feeling of fulfillment in ourselves as we take care of the others and not just the payment that comes for the service offered. When we do service wholeheartedly, we touch lives, we change perception, and we are able to be appreciated by the people whose lives we were able to transform. To end this reaction paper, all I can say is that God works amazingly and that each one of us has a purpose in life. The realization of this purpose depends on the person if he will accept this unreservedly and will commit to it ready to face all the hurdles that will block his way. We must never be afraid to take risks and when we do things, when we make a decision, we must always offer it to God that He may guide us along the right path. When we do this, we are assured of not only extreme happiness, but also ETERNAL AND EVERLASTING SERENITY with God.

Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues

Pakistan’s banking sector reforms which were initiated in the early 1990s have transformed the sector into an efficient, sound and strong banking system. The most recent comprehensive assessment carried out jointly by the World Bank and the IMF in 2004 came to the following conclusion: â€Å" for reaching reforms have resulted in a more efficient and competitive financial system In particular, the predominantly state-owned banking system has been transformed into one that is predominantly under the control of the private sector. The legislative framework and the State Bank of Pakistan’s supervisory capacity have been improved substantially. As a result, the financial sector is sounder and exhibits an increased resilience to shocks. † The major changes that have occurred in the banking sector during the last decade or so can be summarized as follows: a) 80 percent of the banking assets are held by the private sector banks and the privatization of nationalized commercial banks has brought about a culture of professionalism and service orientation in place of bureaucracy and apathy. ) The banks that were losing money due to inefficiencies, waste and limited product range have become highly profitable business. These profits are, however, being used to strengthen the capital base of the banks rather than paying out to the shareholders. The minimum capital requirements have been raised from Rs. 500 million to Rs. 6 billion over an extended period in a phased manner. The consolidation of the banking sector into fewer but stronger banks will lead to better management of risk. c) The banks that were burdened with the non-performing and defaulted loans have cleared up their balance sheets in an open transparent, cross-the-board manner. Contrary to the popular myth the main beneficiaries of the wirite-offs of the old outstanding and unrecoverable loans have been from almost 25 percent to 6. 7 percent by Dec. 2005. Small individual borrowers the ratio of non-performing loans of the Commercial Banks to total advances has declined. d) The quality of new assets has improved as stringent measures are taken to appraise new loans, and assure the underlying securities. Online Credit Information Bureau reports provide updated information to the banks about the credit history and track record of the borrowers. Loan approvals on political considerations have become passe. Non-performing loans account for less than 3 percent of all new loans disbursed since 1997. e) The human resources base of the banks has been substantially upgraded by the adoption of the principles of merit and performance throughout the industry. Recruitment is done through a highly competitive process and promotions and compensation are linked to training, skills and high performance. The banks now routinely employ MBAs, M. Coms, Chartered Accountants, IT graduates, economists and other highly educated persons rather than Clerical and Non Clerical Workers. The banking industry has become the preferred choice of profession among the young graduates. f) Banking Technology that was almost non-existent in Pakistan until a few years ago is revolutionizing the customer services and access on-line banking, Internet banking, ATMs, mobile phone banking and other modes of delivery have made it possible to provide convenience to the customers while reducing the transaction costs to the banks. Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Smart Cards etc. are a thriving and expanding business in Pakistan. Once the RTGS is put in place the payment system in Pakistan. Would enter a new phase of modernization. ) Competition among the banks has forced them to move away from the traditional limited product range of credit to the government and the public sector enterprises, trade financing, big name corporate loans, and credit to multinationals to an ever-expanding menu of products and services. The borrower base of the banks has expanded four fold in the last six years as the banks have diversified into agriculture, SMEs, Consumers financing, mortgages, etc. The middle class that could not afford to buy cars or apartments as they did not have the financial strength for cash purchases are the biggest beneficiaries of these new products and services. ) Along with strong regulation, supervision and enforcement capacity of the State Bank of Pakistan a number of measures have been taken to put best corporate governance practices in the banking system. ‘Fit and proper’ criteria have been prescribed for the Chief Executives, members of the Boards of Directors, and top management positions. Accounting and audit standards have been brought to the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the International Audit Codes. External audit firms are rated according to their performance and track record and those falling short of the acceptable standards are debarred from auditing the banks. These practices were put in place in Pakistan long before the scandals of Enercon, World Call and Pramalat had shaken the corporate world. i) The foreign exchange market that was highly regulated through a system of direct exchange controls over suppliers and users of foreign exchange has been liberalized and all purchases and sales take place through an active and vibrant inter-bank exchange market. All restrictions have been removed with full current account convertibility and partial capital account convertibility. Foreign investors can now bring in and take back their capital, remit profits, dividends and fees without any prior removal and directly through their banks. Similarly, foreign portfolio investors can also enter and exit the market at their own discretion. The main lesson learnt from the last decade suggest that financial sector functions effectively and efficiently only if the macroeconomics situation is favorable and stable. The need to maintain macroeconomic stability will thus remain paramount in the years to come. The agenda for further reforms in the financial sector is still quite formidable and the challenges to spread the benefits of financial liberalization among the middle and low income households and small and medium farms and enterprises are still enormous. There are several areas of dissatisfaction with the banking sector that need to be addressed. The most serious complaint against the banking system in Pakistan today is that the depositors are not getting adequate return on their bank deposits. The difference between the monthly weighted average rates of lending and deposits is taken as an indicator of the spreads earned by the banks. It is true that these spreads have widened in the recent months land this phenomenon has caused resentment among those whose only source of income is their returns from bank deposits. But it is important to examine the facts and their form judgments The monthly comparisons are meaningless because PLS deposit rates are changed every six months, while the lending rates are continuously adjusting because they are automatically linked to T-bills or KIBOR rates. During the last eight months the weighted average deposit rate has risen from 1. 6 percent in July – Feb, 2005 to 3. 9 percent in July – Feb, 2006. This trend reflects that the return on the new deposits mobilized is much higher than what the average rate indicates. The old deposits are earning much lower rate because they were lodged at the time when the overall structure of interest rates had come down significantly. This lag is adjustment between the deposit and lending rates is due to the costs incurred by the depositor in shifting deposits from one bank to the other. The additional deposits mobilized in the last twelve months amounted to Rs. 382 billion i. e. a growth rate of 16. 8 percent. This growth rate took place despite deceleration in the volume of Resident Foreign deposit accounts. So if the deposit rates were unattractive then this high growth rate in deposits mobilized by the banks appears to be puzzling. The reason for this high growth is that the fresh deposits were fetching an average return of 6. 2 percent in March, 2006 compared to 3. 5 percent in July, 2005 – rise of 270 basis points in nine months. In the coming months the average rate is likely to move further upwards bringing them to positive real interest rates. Why have the profits of the banks risen so sharply in the last few years? There are several reasons that need to be understood: First, the drag of non-performing loans has been eased considerably reducing the need for setting aside the provisions for loan losses. As these provisions were made at the expense of the profits the banks are now reaping the benefits of building up substantial provisions and taking the hit on their profits in the past. Second, the corporate income tax rate on banks’ profits has gradually come down from 58 percent to 38 percent saving on their tax deductions. These savings not only get translated in to higher profits but also act as incentives for better performance because the tax rate no longer acts as a penalty. Third, the diversification of the banks assets into new and so far underserved segments such as agriculture, mortgage, auto, SMEs, Consumer and Credit Cards have raised their net interest margins. As competition has become quite tough in the corporate segment the margins on corporate loans have been squeezed considerably. But the spreads earned in these new segments are quite attractive. Thus a large part of the profits originate from lending to these underserved segments of the population. This is a Win- Win situation as small farmers, small businesses and middle class consumers, who had so far been denied access to bank credit, are able to get financing the banks are able to earn higher spreads. Fourth, there has been a shift in the maturing profile of both the banks’ deposits and banks’ loans. Half of the total deposits are now placed for short term duration earning negligible rates of return compared to the past where the distribution of deposits were concentrated in medium to long duration earning much higher returns. On the assets side, more of the bank loans are being disbursed for fixed investment purposes. These have long maturity structure and pay higher interest rates in double digits. This shift in the composition of deposits and advances has helped earn the banks a higher spread boosting their profitability. As the majority of the banks are operating in the private sector they will remain guided by the bottom line considerations i. e. the profits. Consolidation and market competition will act as a deterrent on abnormal profits but it is the responsibility of the regulator to ensure that these profits are not made by taking excessive risk with the depositors’ money or by banks indulging in collusive practices. The regulator has to ensure that the access to credit is further broadened and small farming households, small and medium businesses and middle classes are able to meet their legitimate credit needs. At the same time the regulator has to take stringent action against those banks found guilty of anti-competitive or collusive practices. Another popular indictment against the banking sector is that they are financing speculative activities such as stock market trading, real estate, commodities, auto etc. The facts do not support this indictment. Direct and indirect exposure by banks in stock market equities has been limited to 20 percent of their capital i. e. the maximum amount all the banks can collectively provide for this activity is only 40 billion. The outstanding stock of bank advances in March, 2006 stood at Rs. 2063 billion. Thus the bank credit allocated for stock market equity trading is less than 2 percent of the total advances of the banking system. If we further assume that some amounts are diverted from consumer loans or corporate loans also the exposure of the banks may double to as much as 4 percent but the securities and collaterals against the diverted loans may not necessarily be the scrips themselves. Real estate financing by banks is restricted to mortgage loans only and the purchase of plots cannot be financed by the banks. Mortgage loans can be disbursed in installments after physical verification of the various phases of construction. The total disbursements of loans for mortgage amounted to Rs. 11. 4 billion in FY 05. Commodity financing and its prevailing rates are not attractive for the borrowers as there has been net retirement of commodity loans in the first nine months of the current fiscal year. The regulatory environment for the banks to indulge in lending for speculative purposes is not very propitious. The State Bank of Pakistan supervisors are not only vigilant in their on-site inspection but they monitor the banks on a continuous basis and can detect irregularities and violations fairly quickly. The more deterrent effect of strong oversight by the supervisors is enough to discourage such activities. The penalties imposed by the supervisors on recalcitrant banks are quite severe.

Sainsbury Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Sainsbury - Assignment Example J Sainsbury is not expected to distribute cash, pay dividend to shareholders or share repurchases over the next five years as it expects to expand its activities and invest in all positive net present value (NPV) projects by opening more shops in Moscow and its environs. One of the priorities will be, creating an online database for customer's interaction, queries, purchases and free-draw. Consequently, all profits will be re-invested into its expansion program (Opening of new stores, extending its product line) as well as any profitable venture that the company may come across supported by the shareholders. Based on feasibility studies, the partners, I have targeted the heart of Moscow, to be used as the country head office; hosting the first shop and serving as a warehousing, and dispatch unit for online purchases. This area is unique because of its accessibility to other cities, and European countries. The partners intend to use the London Olympic to promote some of their brand such as insurance and banking options, and to benefit from ancillary auxiliary activities and industry. Rent for the building stands at $100000 per annum for the first two years. Initial funding for the project is expected to be $1000,000. ... Initial funding for the project is expected to be $1000,000. Of this amount, the parent company will contribute40%, that is, $400,000 while local shareholding will contribute 30percent; a bank loan of $300,000 has been secured to cover the remaining 30% of the funding requirements. Sales for the first year are expected to amount to about $2000,000 and are expected to grow at an annual rate of 30%. Gross profit is expected to be $475,102 against which expenses for rents, depreciation of factory equipment, wages and salaries, overhead expenses and miscellaneous expenses will be charged. Expenses during the second, third, fourth and fifth year are expected to witness increases as the company plans to increase expenditure on advertising, research and development, staff, and office and factory equipment. More stores will be created within this period, to facilitate dispatch of goods and services. About 80% of sales will be generated online. To minimize theft, customer loyalty card will be provided, to facilitate online purchases. 1.0 Introduction Globalisation, the new information technology, and deregulation of financial markets has eased the provision and search of finance. Millions of shares are traded every day on the world's stock markets. (Penman, 2003). Investors who trade on these stocks are often forced to ask themselves whether they are buying or selling at the right price. (Penman, 2003). They often attempt to provide answers to these questions by turning to various media including internet chat rooms, printed press, "talking heads" on television and financial networks, who often voice opinions on what they feel the stock prices should be. (Penman, 2003). In addition, investors consult investment

How Does the UK and US Fast Food Industry Represent Globalisation, Dissertation

How Does the UK and US Fast Food Industry Represent Globalisation, Gender, Healthy Lifestyle - Dissertation Example century, where globalisation has transformed almost all the facets of the world and has created a universal raised area for all. Fast food industry is growing at a marvelous and remarkable speed with their immense advertising campaign all over the globe. Since the people are moving ahead at a phenomenal pace, therefore, they do not have much options left to have well-prepared and cooked meals. In addition, the traditional concepts of having meals with the entire family as a part of the traditional culture are also shifting, which has emerged and augmented the concept of quick service restaurants that are even renown as fast food restaurants. Numerous studies and researches have come under performances to identify and get familiar with the trends of the fast food industries. The trends vary from country to country due to the cultural differences the people of different nations have their own set of norms, customs and values, which they follow. The overall trend of the fast food indust ry speaks that during the last few decades the demand for the fast foods is increasing at a rampant pace. Nevertheless, the increasing health awareness have caused many legal actions and cases against these fast food restaurants and this negative publicity has made a radical impact on to the sales of the fast foods in many parts of the word. Dominos Pizza and McDonalds are amongst the fast food restaurants that has emerged into giants and leading chain of restaurants that reach the consumers all over the world. The consequences various studies provide the piece of evidence of eating fast foods regularly are leading to numerous health enormities and this subject of matter is a growing concern in the modern times. Health problems that include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart problems are the top-rated diseases that arise due to obesity. Obesity has been one of the most common and widespread problems that have come under experience especially amongst the young generations d ue to eating of fast foods. The investigation and the analysis have come to the conclusion that fast foods have a deficiency in vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates due to the reason that these foods are full of bad fats, contains high amount of salt and other preservatives, which results in obesity and other lethal diseases. However, the outcomes of many of the studies also reveals the truth that fast food industry spends a huge amount of their capital in the investments for their promotional campaigns in order to draw the attention of as many customers as possible towards the eating of the fast foods. The most popular forms of advertisements used by them are the print

Manhattan New School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Manhattan New School - Essay Example School's professional teachers are hired from Bank Street College of Education, Columbia University Teachers College, New York University and Fordham University. Manhattan New School resides in the heart of Manhattan in the former PS190, which was built in 1903 (About School, Manhattan New School). According to Karen Ruzzo, school's principal, "We pride ourselves at being a highly literate community, and we also understand our responsibility to prepare students to cope with the multiple demands of an ever-changing society. As a result, children learn within real-world contexts. Along with reading and writing, instructions in mathematics, science, social studies, technology, music and art engage young learners in meaningful explorations that develop critical thinking skills" (Karen Ruzzo, Mission Statement). School's vision is to grow in the near future as a role model organization for the greater national cause, while providing the students with the opportunity to investigate a range of big ideas, to ask and answer important questions, and to develop the self-management strategies that enable them to negotiate their daily life. This shows that the school's vision is broadly based and its process creates a commitment to lifelong learning. The Manhattan New School's goals include, committing to ensure that all students benefit from a shared educational experience, and continuing to develop strategies to ensure school-wide collaboration, continuity and accountability. Although all goals direct school towards its future vision, the later set certainly is very vital for its long-term vision's success. The school's objectives for its strategies to attain its long-term vision are to establish continuity of instruction both on and across grade levels, and aligning best instructional practices in all curriculum areas with positive performance outcomes for all students. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Recognition of programs and vision Empirical and interdisciplinary education, and opportunities for student leadership development Recognized educational activities with active community outreach Significant and ongoing faculty and alumni involvement at intermediate level Small classes Extraordinary emphasis on personal attention Friendly, supportive, and comfortable in-house environment Integration of technology into the curriculum Classes primarily taught by professionals incorporation of ecological sustainability due to diversified culture Early adoption Attractive campus building and facilities while having state of the art architecture Weaknesses Lower than optimal enrollment of out-of-state and international students Insufficient diversity among students and teachers Low ratio of spending per student Average class size increasing everyday Limited school capacity Not enough programs for extra curricular activities Too many language courses Opportunities Government's importance for schools playing a larger role in community development Higher market share due to increasing population and awareness Capacity to respond for future growth Capacity to help improve intermediate education Increased demand for professional and diversified education Increasing flow of funding Greater expertise in the use of technology in teaching Access to all parts of New York City Threats Lack of sufficient funding Replica of academic programs by

Read 2 article and write about society, deception, with mal fromat Essay

Read 2 article and write about society, deception, with mal fromat - Essay Example Mairs, who is a self described â€Å"cripple† relates to her experience of shame and defiance with ability politics in her life. Both of these authors show very different ways of dealing with their society, a society they find treats them unjustly. Williams essentially refutes and fights against her society, opting out of it as a way of countering it, while Mairs uses her own society’s tools against it, co-opting its language and mechanisms in an effort to make room for herself in it. Williams lives in a society that â€Å"respects authority† to a fault (Williams). They found it impossible to fight against the federal government of the United States for dropping bombs upwind of where they live – they did attempt to make a law suit, but not to be â€Å"against the government† but only to help ensure similar things would not happen in the future (Williams). She grew incredibly frustrated by this style of acting, and decided that it was important to fight against injustice, against authority, even if it meant giving up who she was. She found a way of fighting through leaving, through flanking. She reverted to her roots of Native American heritage, using it to attack the principles of land-hatred and disregard that had so plagued her family. She shows a method of pushing against a society from the outside. Mairs takes a highly different approach. She sees herself as part of society, and uses the society she lives in to attack it, and push on it, in a different way. She calls herself a â€Å"cripple,† a word that she finds appealing because it is â€Å"straightforward† and â€Å"honest† (Mairs). She uses this language to bluntly point out to society how they see her – not giving them the recourse of equally derogatory words (once critically examined) like disabled or handicapped. Thus Mairs is able to confront society with its own vision of herself, and make society face it – this is

Team Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Analysis Paper - Essay Example It was a new group and I think it was under a company’s program to hire university students during summer so that we will be enticed to join their company after graduation. There were only around three long time employees there and the rest were us, around 12 summer employees. Our team had a rough start. Mainly because we came from different background. There was an IT guy, an Accounting guy, african, asian, different university, etch.; basically the group is just very diverse that it was difficult to find a common ground for us to â€Å"break the ice† so to speak. We were dependent to Ahmed who graciously provided us the guidance and leadership we needed because the team were not talking to each other that much then. Our first project came and we were tasked to create a training module which will be recommended for approval. The first meeting was dreadful. Everybody was showing off that they are better than the next person. And I supposed that each of us felt slighted after that because each of our idea that was floated was countered, argued upon, no matter how sound it was. There was also a power struggle among us with most team members wanting to catch the attention of the manager as if they will be given a raise or promoted if they were able to do that. Ahmed, initially just let us do our thing and sensing that we are not going anywhere, took over and provided the direction. It was the only time that the team calmed down. Our succeding meetings are already calm albeit there are still subterfuge animosity among team members who do not like each other or felt better than the other. But as we go along, we were able to delineate expertise and identified whose idea mattered most depending on the subject matter. If its about networks, applications, then we refer it to our IT guy Mark. If it involves numbers, financial statements, our accounting guy Steve will take over. Our team’s animosity eventually subdued when we started going out on lunc hes together. Then the lunch meetings progressed to cafeshops and having fun through the weekend. There, we were able to know each member thoroughly and found that they are in fact interesting person. We spent hours and hours until early morning talking and did not even noticed it because we were so engrossed with our conversations. The team bonded and became really good friends. This new found friendship reflected in our work. Meetings which usually lasted for several hours due to arguments were cut short and we begin getting praises from our boss with the quality of our work. Also, we were enjoying ourselves at work that it was no longer a drag like our first two weeks. I believe that we were doing very well as a team because Ahmed, our manager had been getting praises from the upper management with our output. But sadly, we have to part ways. We already knew this from the first day we begun our work that once class has started, we have to go back to the university. The team membe rs were hugging each other as we bid our goodbye with some teary eyed and we cannot believe that we once hated each other during our first meetings. Analysing my experience with my previous team, I thought that the experience was only peculiar to us. But when I did research and stumbled on the work of Tuckman Model of team development, I found out that what happened to our

Company selection Paper Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company selection Paper Week 1 - Essay Example All its numbers must be in order and to provide all the necessary information about important accounting issues the company in its annual report includes a managerial discussion and analysis session. In the 2006 annual report the company referred to deferred income tax assets as an important subject matter. Deferred income tax assets are the recognition of excess taxes paid above the tax liability (Petretto, 2004). In many jurisdictions companies that have an annual loss in their income statement can obtain a tax benefit that deducts the tax liability; this also creates a deferred income tax asset. In the company’s MD&A for 2006 Pet Smart explains its method for recognizing deferred tax assets. The company establishes deferred income tax assets or liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting utilizing the expected tax rates to guide the company in creating an accurate estimate (Annual Report, 2006). The company also establishes an allowance for deferred taxes in case their estimates are inaccurate. The carry forward tax privileges the company obtain after a bad fiscal year are never offset since and are utilized whenever possible according to the generally accepted accounting principles. These types of accounting transaction are occurring in many different locations throughout North America and each of them are recording and tracked independently of each other according to the fiscal laws of the state. The company follows the law closely and if there is any change in particular state law regarding the issues of deferred taxes the company makes the necessary adjustments in the account to comply with the new laws or regulations. The company keeps close relationships with state and city tax authorities and in cases when company underestimates tax liabilities it immediately settles the income tax expense

HOW IS THE U.S UNDERSTOOD AS GREAT CAPITALIST POWER Essay

HOW IS THE U.S UNDERSTOOD AS GREAT CAPITALIST POWER - Essay Example Capital accumulation, very competitive markets and wage labor feature capitalism. In such an economy, the transacting parties often and typically control market prices. The intensity of competition, the intervening role and scope at which the public owns various assets vary within various models of capitalism (Friedman 2009). Annalists have come up with diverse perspectives of capitalism; laissez-faire, welfare and state capitalism with each showing different level of dependency (Friedman 2009). It is this economic system that US thrives in and is thus regarded as a capitalist power. America is predominantly viewed as a capitalist economy. According to Karl Marx, it entails a situation in a minute group of people seize control of the economic points of prosperity in a nation and influence key economic decision (Friedman 2009). We see this America today. America after the world war emerged as the supper power together with Russia. However, it successfully reduced the dominance of Russia through the cold war and promoted its capitalist ideas in most part of the world (Phillips 2009). This is an evidence of a hungry nation fighting to be at the summit of controlling key economic decisions in the world her own gain. The history of America reveals the ideal trait of capitalism. As early as the 17th century, America had started importing slaves from Africa to work in their land (Phillips 2009). The American farmers and owners of industries hugely needed more labor to maximize their profits. Slaves were thus imported from Africa and were subjected to forced labor, meager or no wages at all and physical oppression at work so as to be productive (Phillips 2009). At the end, individual citizens who employed dearly the service of the slaves became rich and generated a lot of wealth while the slaves anguished in abject poverty and depression. Class

Eichmann in Jerusalem Holocaust Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eichmann in Jerusalem Holocaust Museum - Essay Example In 2002 Maya Kodnani sponsored the killing of 95 in Gujarat riots by handing out swords to the mobs. He was sober, but he committed the crime with diligence. Maya is sane as he operates a clinic and he is the gynecologist by profession (Haugen 189). In addition, Tytler Jagdish was among the key individuals who participated in the Program of 1984 against the Sikhs. He was a normal human being and not insane compared to Eichmann. This means that Eichmann was murdered as a sacrifice for many others who committed the crimes. The diagnosis made by the doctors contributed more of the inhuman activities against him. The writer who is Arendt was trying to shelter herself using the crimes that Eichmann was accused of committing. She used sarcasm in her presentation for readers to understand her contempt on Eichmann instead of presenting Eichmann’s internal instances. Arendt considered and described Eichmann as a self-absurd and pathetic creature who does not understand the alternatives steps in his actions (Haugen 91). The presentation was meant to shock readers that Eichmann cannot understand even the obvious things. This also described Eichmann that he does not exist in the universe of morality where normal things are done. The strategy in which Arendt used did not allow Eichmann to defend himself in the court. The readers were made to understand that the judges made decisions on their own understanding and not as per Arendt’s narrative. The judges viewed how Eichmann’s followed his external orders and not by his defense. Arendt disagreed with those who described the narrative about Eichmann as being unreliable. She said that the defense and the prosecution have their judicial roles. The prosecutors did not believe on what Eichmann was saying because he believed they were not among his duties.

Puberty Blues Essay Example for Free

Puberty Blues Essay The TV show I have chosen to talk to you about today is Puberty Blues. It is aired at 8:30pm, Wednesday on channel 10. It doesnt have a specific genre, but more like a mixture. I would classify it as a teen drama. Puberty Blues doesnt work in plot twists but offers a suprising reality. The best part about the TV drama for me is how we get a glimpse into the life of a 1970s teenager. Puberty Blues is set in Cronulla, Sydney, in the late 1970s. Majority of the time, Debbie and Sues houses are used, but the greenhill gang are also featured hanging around by the beach. Puberty Blues tells the story Debbie Vickers and Sue Knights. They are both very clever but somewhat unpopular high school girls who wants to raise their social standings in order to go out with boys. Through out the episodes we get to know the girls parents- Judy and Martin who are closed off and dont interact with each other much and Pam and Roger who have a far more open relationship. The sixth episode was directed by Glendyn Ivin and written by Fiona Seresis. The main plot is when the greenhill gang including Debbie and Sue, get wasted, go driving and flip the car, killing the driver. Any other show would have sent the characters into an instant panic but the writers of Puberty Blues understand that the shock combined with drugs would have caused everyone to burst into disbelieving laughter. The car crash wasnt the only plot in the episode though. Debbies parents, Judy and Martin, got to couples councilling because Martin has strong feelings for a women at his work. Cheryl, a member of the green hills gang, is flirting with her mums boyfriend to prove she is more desirable than her mother, who resents. The social issue pressented in the show was definitely driving under the influence. This message is easily interpreted in the car crash scene were the driver and passengers are drunk and stoned. This wasnt my favourite episode from Puberty Blues but it was still solid like we have come to expect from this series. I would recommend the show to high school students and older as there are some mature themes and sexual references. I love this show because it takes awkward and serious situations and brings out their bright side.

Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing has a very similar style to our contemporary romantic comedy. And while the romance and obstacles to the union of Claudio and Hero form the main plot, the action in Much Ado About Nothing is mainly about Benedick and Beatrice, and their relationship. That sub-plot is about the merry war of the sexes between Beatrice and Benedick who are not teenagers, but possibly in their late twenties or older (Lukacs 92). This merry war (Much Ado About Nothing I.i.56) between the two is given through their witty word play: Benedick. What, my dear Lady Disdain! are you yet living? Beatrice. Is it possible disdain should die while she hath such meet food to feed it as Signior Benedick? Courtesy itself must convert to disdain, if you come in her presence. Benedick. Then is courtesy a turncoat. But it is certain I am loved of all ladies, only you excepted: and I would I could find in my heart that I had not a hard heart; for, truly, I love none. Beatrice. A dear happiness to women: they would else have been troubled with a pernicious suitor. (Much Ado About Nothing I. i. 111-120) The play suggests that Beatrice was in love with Benedick before the play but he had deceived her and their relationship ended. Benedick now claims that he will never get married. Beatrice is an intelligent girl. Meader asserts that Most of Shakespeares lovers appear to fall in love at the first meeting and that Beatrice who has apparently been in love with Benedick before the action of Much Ado About Nothing, may have had formal courtship earlier (Meader 82): Pedro. Come, lady, come; you have lost the heart of Signior Benedick. Beatrice. Indeed, my lord, he lent it me a while; and I gave him use for it, a double heart for his single one: marry, once before he won it of me with false dice, therefore your grace may well say I have lost it. (Much Ado About Nothing II.i.266-272) Whenever Beatrice and Benedick come together, they seem to have a fight through their witty insults. They are as if competing in intelligence. Beatrice, like Benedick, does not want to marry which is because she has not yet found the right man and because she does not want to give up her freedom with marriage. According to Benedick, a man who gets married will wear his cap with suspicion (I.i.184), and will have doubts that his wife has once had other lovers. He says, if the Count marries, the Count will thrust [his] neck into a yoke, wear the print of it and sigh away Sundays (I.i.186-87) (Friedman 78). Benedick speaks ill of marriage in the following lines: The savage bull may; but if ever the sensible Benedick bear it, pluck off the bulls horns and set them in my forehead; and let me be vilely painted; and in such great letters as they write, Here is good horse to hire let them signify under my sign, Here you may see Benedick, the married man. (Much Ado About Nothing I.i.246-252) He imagines himself with horns on his head. Cuckoldry was very typical in the Renaissance He is worried that he will be cheated by women if he gets married. Friedman explains it as: Benedicks fears of cuckoldry and emasculation through marriage tend to be confirmed by Beatrice, whom Don Pedro has picked out as an excellent wife for Benedick (2.1.329) Beatrice speaks openly and sharply of her preferences in a spouse, which draws the disapproval of her uncles Leonato and Antonio, who complain that she is shrewd of [her] tongue and too curst (2.1.17-18). Beatrice implies that, were she to marry, she would make her partner a cuckold, for she claims that she will have no horns only if God sends her no husband (2.1.23-24). (Friedman 81) As for Beatrice, her irreluctancy for marriage is stated as follows What should I do with him? dress him in my apparel, and make him my waiting-gentlewoman? He that hath a beard is more than a youth; and he that hath no beard is less than a man: and he that is more than a youth is not for me; and he that is less than a man, I am not for him.(Much Ado About Nothing II.i.33-38) Through these lines, Beatrice explains why she should not marry. The reason for this is that there is no equal man for her. Beatrice states that she could not endure a masculine husband with a beard on his face (2.1.26-27), but a husband that hath no beard, who is therefore less than a man, is only fit to be dressed in womens apparel and employed as her waiting-gentlewoman (2.1.29-33) (Friedman 81). Both Benedick and Beatrice seem to avoid marriage. As Benedick says it is certain / I am loved of all ladies, only you excepted: and I could find it in my heart that I had not a hard heart; for, truly, I love none (Much Ado About Nothing I.i.116-119), Beatrice mocks him saying I had rather hear my dog bark at a crow / than a man swear he loves me (Much Ado About Nothing I.i.123-124). While Claudio and Don Pedro play a trick on Benedick in Act II scene iii, Ursula and Hero do the same on Beatrice in Act III scene i. Those tricks are intentioned to make the two fall in love with each other. The audience knows that neither Beatrice nor Benedick wants to get married. Their friends trick is useful at the end. They are both deceived to believe that one is in love with the other. In that case, Cahn states that the plays title word Nothing may be taken as a pun on noting, or overhearing, {since] much of the action involves eavesdropping and the partial discernment of truth (Cahn 629). Moreover, one must note that the overheard conversations are enough for both. According to Cahn, in many comedies of Shakespeare, love is influenced by perception and in Much Ado About Nothingin Act II scene iii, when Beatrice calls Benedick to dinner, Benedick manages in his own mind to twist her words so that they mean what he wants to hear (Cahn 636). At this time, it is apparent that wh ile she is not in love with him, Benedick [harbours] a secret love for Beatrice (Friedman 83). They are not actually deluded to think they are in love with each other; otherwise their friends tricks would not work since both of them are clever enough not to be deluded. They are actually trying to let them discover their present love to each other. Therefore, it is a kind of realization for both of them. Each decides to pity the other at first, however it is interesting they do it willingly. Benedick has made his decision to perform what the audience has long felt he has always wanted to do: pursue Beatrice (Cahn 636). He has now changed his mind and wants to marry Beatrice. Beatrice, on the other hand, has also decided to change her mind, as clear in her own words: Stand I condemned for pride and scorn so much? Contempt, farewell! and maiden pride, adieu! No glory lives behind the back of such. (Much Ado About Nothing III.i.109-112) In Act IV scene i when Benedick and Beatrice are left alone in the church together, they confess their love to each other. According to Lukacs By [Act IV scene i], Benedick and Beatrice are the mature responsible adults who must bring this play to a resolution (Lukacs 92). The tone changes, however, when Benedick says that he will do anything for Beatrice: Beatrices asking him to Kill Claudio (Much Ado About Nothing IV. i. 289) shocks Benedick. Benedicks refusal makes Beatrice angry since she believes that Claudio has insulted Hero. Benedick soon changes his mind and agrees to challenge his friend Claudio both for Heros and for Beatrices sake. What Beatrice has wanted Benedick marks Beatrice as a lady imposing a love test as Maisan states. Benedick has to choose between love and friendship (Maisan 165). Meader asserts that Benedick, urged on by his beloved Beatrice, challenges his best friend Claudio to a duel and that Courage was conspicuously an outward-looking virtue, as the Renai ssance valued it (Meader 76). Benedick is in fact known with his loyalty as a friend but his love for Beatrice becomes strong enough to challenge his friend to a fight and he soon challenges him to a duel. When Benedick accuses Claudio and Don Pedro for Heros death she has not really died but it is what they think, they think he is joking. Thus in Act V scene i, not only Heros innocence but also Benedicks loyalty to Benedick is proven. In Act V scene ii, Benedick tries to write poetry for Beatrice. However, he is not good at writing. What he can do best is simply his gentle insults which is also appealing to Beatrice. So they go on flirting and mocking each other. With the last scene of the play, Shakespeare brings a happy conclusion; both of the couples in the play will married (Claudio and Hero, and Benedick and Beatrice). Now Beatrice and Benedick are happy to get married. Their hatred of the institution of marriage is finally brought to an end. Although the trick is not the main reason for their uniting, it has really been effective. Lukacs summarizes the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick as: In the end, Beatrice and Benedick grow up and mature. The world in Much Ado About Nothing that was out of balance is reined in and balance is achieved. Maturity brings self-knowledge and Beatrice and Benedick shine in the end they are [now] husband and wife. Beatrice duels with her wits in order to assert herself. The eye contact, the hint of a smile, the fleeting glance, or hand gesture sustain their encounters as these two function as one witty unit. Beatrice exclaims O God, that I were a man! (4.1), but it is only when she reaches out to a man, Benedick, that she can defend her sisters honor and relinquish her alternate personae of a John Wayne-like character who strides about the stage in manly fashion, or of an immature schoolgirl. In the end, Much Ado About Nothing becomes much ado about everything that matters in life. (Lukacs 92) As a conclusion, Beatrice and Benedick have changed both in their attitudes towards the idea of marriage and towards each other since the beginning of the play. One can clearly notice the alikeness of their personalities which not only causes the merry war between them but also brings them together. The reason why Beatrice and Benedick could not go along with each other has been because each is too witty and intelligent. However, one must note that they will never get bored of each other while they are having their war so they are definetely a good match. Primary Source(s) Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Hertfordshire: 1996. Secondary Sources Cahn, Victor L. Shakespeare the Playwright: A Companion to the Complete Tragedies, Histories, Comedies, and Romances. Praeger: Westport, 1996. Friedman, Michael. The World Must Be Peopled: Shakespeares Comedies of Forgiveness. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press: Madison, NJ., 2002. Lukacs, Ann. Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare Bulletin. Volume: 22. Issue: 1: University of West Georgia, 2004. Maisan, Thomas. Deforming Sources: Literary Antecedents and Their Traces in Much Ado about Nothing Shakespeare Studies. Volume: 31, Associated University Presses, 2003. Meader, William G. Courtship in Shakespeare: Its Relation to the Tradition of Courtly Love. Kings Crown Press: New York, 1954.

Humanism And The Renaissance Religion Essay

Humanism And The Renaissance Religion Essay Humanism was a cultural movement that began early in the fourteenth century and was chiefly associated with the Renaissance during the 15th and 16th century. Wilkins defies Humanism as a scholarly and initially reactive enthusiasm for classic culture, accompanied by creative writing in Latin on classic lines (Wilkins, 1959, p.169). Humanism became the most important intellectual movement of the Renaissance, thanks to the early efforts of Petrarch (1304-1374) and Boccaccio (1313-1375). Giovanni Pico della Mirandolas Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) became a humanist manifesto of sorts (Davies, 1997, p.95). Humanism, of 19th century German coinage, is derived from the late 15th century Italian humanista, or humanist, a teacher of the humanities, or studia humanitatis (Wright, 1993, p.155). Humanitas, from which humanist derives, is Ciceros translation of the Greek paedeia, literally cultural education (Kenney, 1982, p.258) or simply an educational and cultural program based on the study of the classics and coloured by the notion of human dignity (Kinney, 1986, p.xi). The Renaissance humanist movement originated in Italy. It was through church and literary contacts with Italy that humanism spread to Britain in the first half of the 15th century. At first, some English patrons paid Italian secretaries and scribes to prepare for them manuscripts of ancient and more recent texts (Cannon, 2009, p.336). According to Cannon, around c.1500 the teachings of poetry, rhetoric, and those classical writers neglected in the Middle Ages had become appreciated at both Cambridge and Oxford universities (Cannon, 2009, p.336). Sir Thomas More (?1477-1535) was one of Englands greatest humanists, a Christian saint known for his piety, devotion, and integrity. He was also a Member of Parliament, a diplomat, an ambassador, and Lord Chancellor of England. He was also a man of great learning and wit. Associated with the northern Renaissance, he tried to wed the Christian ethos with ancient wisdom. In 1535, he was beheaded for not acknowledging Henry VIIIs rule of the English church (Chesney, 2004, p.163). Thomas Mores Utopia (1516) is a Christian-humanist view of an ideal society. The books real title is The Best State of a Commonwealth and the New Island of Utopia, which thus refers to Platos Republic. More offers this vision not only as a mental idea, but also as one that humans can strive to create in this world (Hansen, 2006, p.214). The text is a self-conscious effort by More to offer his readers a Christianisation of Platos Republic (Starnes, 1990, p.22). Mores book fuses the practical implications of Ciceros vita activa, and the social radicalism of the New Testament (Peltonen, 2004, p.10). Mores book, Utopia, is the last great Christian synthesis of the Renaissance. The Christian aspect of the synthesis is Christs gospel of caring for the poor, the oppressed, and the downtrodden. The Platonic, Republican tradition is the Greek aspect of the synthesis (Scott, 2004, p.32). More wrote the Utopia with a satirical tone, allowing him to speak his truth while telling his deeper story esoterically (Sider, 2007, p.139). Utopia takes the form of a dialogue led by a Socratic wise man, Raphael Hytlodaeus. The first book sets the stage for all that is to follow, and the second book is an exposition of the communal, social, and political arrangements of the Utopians (Starnes, 1990, p.24). Scholars have identified a number of classical and Christian traditions that influenced Mores conception of the polity described in Book II of Utopia. In addition to Platos Republic, these sources are: Augustines City of God, the ideals of the monastic calling; the pagan virtues of wisdom, fortitude, temperance, and justice; and the notion, derived from the Christian church fathers that private property arose as a consequence of original sin (Baker, 1999, p.57). Such sources clearly place Mores Utopia within the framework of northern Christian humanist concerns. However, the absurdities and contradictions in Utopia seem to undermine the view that More was serious. The Greek roots of names create absurdities the expression utopia is coined from Greek words and means no place (Donner, 1945, p.2); Raphael Hytlodaeus name is also unusual. His Christian name links him with the archangel Raphael and means the healing of God, however his surname, Hythlodaeus, means nonsense, therefore his name would mean something like the healing (one) of God, knowing nonsense (Starnes, 1990, p.24). The dialogue form, so familiar to Renaissance writers, allowed a writer to argue the opposite side of a case precisely to follow up its implications. Structurally, Mores immediate model was Platos Parmenides (Ackroyd, 1999, p.425). In Utopia, More presents the real world in Book I and the ideal in Book II. In Book I, in the Dialogue of Counsel, Raphael and More engage in the familiar humanist debate regarding civic duty: Should intellectuals stay aloof from public life or engage in politics? Raphael gives voice to the ideal of contemplation, while More puts the case that Cicero made in De officiis, the case for action. Who wins the argument? The case put by More follows Cicero verbatim in places. Recognising this, it is possible to argue that More (the author) has refashioned Platos image of an ideal society in order to argue that service to the commonwealth, and perhaps the best state of a commonwealth itself, involves statecraft, diplomacy, and compromise (Guy, 2000, p.46). Hence, unlike Plato, whose ideal pointed to the only solution, More sought the best possible solution. In conclusion, Utopia fuses the ideals of Platos Republic, the political pragmatism of Ciceronian humanism, and the social radicalism of the New Testament (Wegemer, 1998, p.109). There are connections between Utopia and Mores own life. Utopia embodied Mores quest to understand the proper relationship between philosophy and public life in an ongoing dialogue (Skinner, 2002, p.224). Francis Bacons fragmentary text, The New Atlantis, clearly offers an alternative to Thomas Mores humanist vision of Utopia. Though composed about one hundred years apart, the similarities between the two texts are striking. Both narratives take place on remote islands previously unknown to European explorers, and the stories are related by sailors who, having become lost at sea, discover the islands when blown off course by life-threatening storms. Both societies, though unknown to Christian Europe, have through some miraculous event become aware of and been converted to Christianity, and both have benefited from social reforms made by a wise and enlightened king. However, the differenced are equally striking. In Mores Utopia, the problems the plague European society are ameliorated by a closely ordered communal society in which power and wealth are strictly controlled and evenly distributed. In Bacons Bensalem, however, the well-ordered society is a result of prosperity that is itse lf the result of natural philosophy and technology; it is a society ruled by wise men who study of natural philosophers allows them to reap the benefits of Gods creation for themselves and their fellow citizens. Mores text is a somewhat pessimistic view of humankind, which suggests that the baser elements of our nature may only be suppressed through the most vigorous control. Bacons New Atlantis is a much more optimistic text that hints at the relative perfectibility of human nature through art and science (Salzman, 2002, p.28). The New Atlantis was most likely written sometime in 1624 and was published posthumously in 1627 by Rawley along with the Sylva Sylvarum (Coquillette, 1992, p.275). According to Spedding, the story of Solomons house is nothing more than the vision of the practical results which [Bacon] anticipated from the study of natural history diligently and systematically carried on through successive generations (cited in Coquillette, 1992, p.257). Rawley called it a fragment, and it clearly seems to be incomplete (Manuel and Manuel, 1979, p.254). Speddings confidence in Bacons intellectual integrity is impossible to confirm. Many of Bacons philosophical texts are unfinished, while the aphoristic style of others makes them seem incomplete. It was, after all, a tenet of Bacons philosophy that scientific communication should be incomplete, a goad to spur the auditor to further investigation. Whether it is complete or not, however, The New Atlantis offers an intriguing glimpse of a society led by wise men whose knowledge is secured by natural philosophy, not an ideal world released from the natural to which ours is subject, but of our world as it might be made if we did our duty by it (cited in Coquillette, 1992, p.258). For the Renaissance humanist, the issue of character was of utmost importance. The idea humanist was the vir bonus dicendi peritus, the good man speaking well, whose eloquence arose from a harmonious union between wisdom and style and whose aim was to guide men toward virtue and worthwhile goals, not to mislead from for vicious or trivial purposes (Gray, 1963, p.498). Central to the appeal of The New Atlantis is the character of the Bensalemites. They possess, in Speddings words, sober piety, serious cheerfulness, tender and gracious courtesy, open-handed hospitality, fidelity in public and chastity in private life, grave and graceful manners, order, decency and earnest industry (Bacon). In addition, the inhabitants of Bensalem were, for the most part, Christians, having encountered a mysterious chest containing the books of the Bible. They were equally well acquainted with the histories and mythologies of other lands, including those of the Far East and the Americas. This knowledge was gained both from their own travels to other lands and from travellers whom they had received throughout history. The narrator of The New Atlantis meets a number of individuals whose actions demonstrate the character of the larger society of Bensalem. The first meeting between the ships company and a citizen of Bensalem takes place after they seek refuge in their harbour following a storm. The crew saw on the shore of the city divers of the people, with bastons in their hands, as it were forbidding us to land; yet without any cries or fierceness but only as warning us by signs that they made (Bacon). When the Bensalemites deliver to the ship a scroll, which offers them sanctuary for sixteen days, as well as asking after their needs for food, water, medical treatment, or repairs to their ship, it is evident that theirs is a hierarchically-ordered, Christian society, acquainted with the world outside its borders, clearly cautious, but not apparently xenophobic. The ships company, who are put at ease by this encounter, inform the Bensalemeites of the status of their ship and health and are later in vited into a place called the Strangers House where they are accommodated of things both for our whole and for our sick (Bacon). Given their belief in the possibility of language to achieve practical certainty and to move individuals to right action, the production and consumption of literary texts were acts of great importance for early Renaissance humanists. Quattrocento humanist rhetoric was situated within the context of civic humanism and allied to the virtue of prudence, or practical wisdom. Because the marker of the individuals achievement of humanist values was eloquence, the art of rhetoric was critical to the humanist project. As it was practiced during the quattrocentro, however, rhetoric was a truncated version of classical rhetoric because it did not extend to legislative and legal settings (Kahn, 1985, p.38). Rather, it was primarily epideictic rhetoric the rhetoric of praise or blame. Unlike other scholars who stress the limitations on rhetoric and view quattrocentro rhetoric as a precursor to a purely aesthetic form of the art, Kahn suggests that the conflation of rhetoric and poetics enlarges the sphere of literature, since the written text now takes on the functions of deliberative and judicial rhetoric (Kahn, 1985, p.38). Thus, the production of the work of literature, or any work of art, was a deliberative or prudential act, as was consumption of that work through the act of reading: [P]rudence or practical reason that is deliberation about action in a social or political context is also at work in the artists production of a work of art. Prudence is, in this sense, the precondition of artistic decorum, just as it is of ethical decorum. As a result, the work of art is seen less as an object than as reflecting a certain process or activity or judgment. (Kahn, 1985, p.39) Consequently, knowledge of the literary text can only be practical, since the interpretive practice of reading requires the same acts of discrimination, the same judgments of decorum, as does the authors practice of writing (Kahn, 1985, p.39). For the humanists, then, literary texts and these included primarily poetry and drama, dialogues, and texts such as Philip Sidneys Defense of Poesy- were considered appropriate rhetorical activities that could lead individuals to right action in the realm of human affairs. Bacons New Atlantis follows in this tradition and is intended to lead both the king and fellow citizens to the right action of embracing natural philosophy. Civic humanism during the Renaissance was nowhere more fully developed than in England of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and texts such as Thomas Elyots Boke Named the Gouvernour and Thomas Mores Utopia, were critical elements in the transmission of humanist values. Although they are generically very different The Boke Named the Gouvernour is an advice book to rulers while Utopia is a detailed description of the life and habits of the citizens of a fictional island both texts are concerned with the proper way to organise and govern society. Such texts, as Kahn has suggested perform an essentially rhetorical function, in that the act of reading was seen as a deliberative and prudential act. Mores Utopia, for example, acted as a critique of various social ills, and offered as a solution a highly-structured communal society whose laws and customs were founded upon Christian and humanist values. Like his fellow humanists, Bacon was interested in improving society, and his New A tlantis, which is clearly a response to Mores Utopia, offers the very different view of how to accomplish that goal (Salzman, 2002, p.28). Both Mores Utopia and Bensalem of Bacons New Atlantis are island societies, discovered by sailors lost at sea. More imagines a communal society in which power is diffused because its leaders are drawn from the general population and serve for limited terms. In Bacons ideal society, the leaders are philosophers who are dedicated to the proficiency and advancement of knowledge as a means of improving their society. The social institutions in Utopia are based on humanist ethical principles; in The New Atlantis, ethical principles are derived from natural philosophy, and the pre-eminent social institution is a philosophical society. In Bensalem, nature is not only the source of material benefits, but serves a normative function as the source of knowledge from which serves as a basis for an ethical system. Bacons blending of Stoic concepts with humanist values. The leaders of Bacons Bensalem are more reminiscent of the philosopher-kings of Platos Republic. An essential difference between Mores Utopia and The New Atlantis is that More assumes that societys resources are limited and guards against discord by levelling class and monetary distinctions; Bacon suggests that the new philosophy will reduce discord because it creates and abundance of material goods (Price, 2002, p.2). With the political uproar of the English Civil War (1642-1648), saw the end to the British Renaissance. Nonetheless, humanism and classical culture continued to be a powerful influence in Britain. During the 18th and 19th century, architects designed new buildings applying the classical tradition, and education focused on Latin and Greek languages and literature (Cannon, 2009, p.336).

U.S. Grant :: essays research papers

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant rose to command all the Federal armies in the Civil War. Ulysses Hiram Grant was born April 27, 1822, in a two room frame house at Point Pleasant, Ohio. His father, Jesse Root Grant, was foreman in a tannery. When Grant was one his parents moved to Georgetown where they had five more children there, two boys and three girls. At seventeen Grant was harvesting, and hauling wood. his father got him an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point that year. In spite of grants real middle name they used Grants', mothers' maiden name, Simpson. He made few friends at West Point due to being shy and quiet. Grant was in almost every battle of the Mexican War. This experience, he said, was of great value to him, because he became acquainted with nearly all the officers of the regular army. Some of them including the great soldier Robert E. Lee were to be on the Confederate side in the Civil War. Grant came back from Mexico a captain, with favorable mention. In the Mexican War Grant formed the habit of drinking. Grant spent two years on the Pacific coast and missed his second childs birth. His colonel asked for his resignation due to him drinking and wearing sloppy uniforms, and Grant borrowed money from him to return home. Julias father gave Grant 80 acres to farm, near St. Louis. Grant called the place Hardscrabble. Two more children were born and Grant couldnt support his growing family so Grant worked as a clerk, selling hides to saddle makers and cobbles. After Fort Sumter was fired on April 12, 1861, President Lincoln issued a call to arms. Within two weeks Grant was drilling volunteers in Galena, because, as he said, there was no one else to do the job, the gathering was completed and Grant left. A few weeks later the governor telegraphed him to come back and accept the rank of colonel because the men he had recruited had asked for him. Grant reached his headquarters at Cairo, Illinois, September 4, 1861. Grant then set to work t o prepare his men for a long, hard struggle. In February 1862 Grant advanced into Tennessee. While he was invading this fort, the Confederate general, Simon B. Buckner asked for a truce. This was the same officer who in had loaned Grant money to rejoin his family in 1858. U.S. Grant :: essays research papers Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant rose to command all the Federal armies in the Civil War. Ulysses Hiram Grant was born April 27, 1822, in a two room frame house at Point Pleasant, Ohio. His father, Jesse Root Grant, was foreman in a tannery. When Grant was one his parents moved to Georgetown where they had five more children there, two boys and three girls. At seventeen Grant was harvesting, and hauling wood. his father got him an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point that year. In spite of grants real middle name they used Grants', mothers' maiden name, Simpson. He made few friends at West Point due to being shy and quiet. Grant was in almost every battle of the Mexican War. This experience, he said, was of great value to him, because he became acquainted with nearly all the officers of the regular army. Some of them including the great soldier Robert E. Lee were to be on the Confederate side in the Civil War. Grant came back from Mexico a captain, with favorable mention. In the Mexican War Grant formed the habit of drinking. Grant spent two years on the Pacific coast and missed his second childs birth. His colonel asked for his resignation due to him drinking and wearing sloppy uniforms, and Grant borrowed money from him to return home. Julias father gave Grant 80 acres to farm, near St. Louis. Grant called the place Hardscrabble. Two more children were born and Grant couldnt support his growing family so Grant worked as a clerk, selling hides to saddle makers and cobbles. After Fort Sumter was fired on April 12, 1861, President Lincoln issued a call to arms. Within two weeks Grant was drilling volunteers in Galena, because, as he said, there was no one else to do the job, the gathering was completed and Grant left. A few weeks later the governor telegraphed him to come back and accept the rank of colonel because the men he had recruited had asked for him. Grant reached his headquarters at Cairo, Illinois, September 4, 1861. Grant then set to work t o prepare his men for a long, hard struggle. In February 1862 Grant advanced into Tennessee. While he was invading this fort, the Confederate general, Simon B. Buckner asked for a truce. This was the same officer who in had loaned Grant money to rejoin his family in 1858.

Embittered Woman in Great Expectations, A Rose for Emily, and Sunset B

The Embittered Older Woman in Great Expectations, A Rose for Emily, and Sunset Boulevard      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The character of the delusional, embittered older woman is prevalent in literature and movies. Since Dickens created the memorable Miss Havisham in Great Expectations, she has evolved with the times into many other well-known characters, including Miss Emily in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" and Norma Desmond in the film Sunset Boulevard. In each of these incarnations, the woman seeks revenge after a man's betrayal prevents her from meeting society's expectations of women, but finds no peace in her bitterness and ends up becoming a shriveled shell of the person she once was. By examining how the Miss Havisham archetype has been reinterpreted, one can see how society's expectations of women have changed and how these changes affect the character.    In Victorian times, a woman's identity and place in society were determined by who she married. The woman was the "angel in the house," bringing moral purity to the household, and often had free time to pursue lighthearted activities such as crocheting and entertaining guests. She was also responsible for raising the children and teaching them to be virtuous, as she was. Without marriage, however, a woman had few opportunities, and became a governess, an old maid, or a prostitute, none of which carried much if any social standing. Thus, a woman's greatest fear was to end up without a husband, especially as a result of some event that brought embarrassment or a stain on her character.    Miss Havisham has a Victorian woman's version of great expectations; she is about to become the epitome of the "angel in the house," a wealthy wife of high societal status, when her dreams... ... like Estella, who are able to survive those prejudices, even a lifetime of negative experiences, and emerge with strength and hope. Though we pity Miss Havisham, Miss Emily, and Norma Desmond, they chose to lock themselves away from the world rather than trying to overcome their situations. Perhaps they could have done something more to help themselves, but it seems that they did not try. Perhaps what makes the difference between an Estella and a Miss Havisham is a rose, one person like Pip who cares enough to reach out and take her hand, and show her that there is hope.    Works Cited    Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. New York, Penguin Books, 1996.    Faulkner, William. "A Rose for Emily." The Story and Its Writer. Boston, Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996.    Great Expectations. Fox, 1998.    Sunset Boulevard. Paramount, 1949.

Bachelors Capstome in Management

The project and the team that I have chosen for the job is that of a manufacturing business producing children's toys. When one is to evaluate such a business it is important to look upon to the management team for the business. The management team would include with it a number of professionals. One of the most important of such management teams would particularly be the consultants and the advisors for the company.The consultants or the management of the company would be one of those people whose main job and responsibility is to conduct market research effectively and then look upon how the current market demand can be fulfilled by the manufacturing firms. Apart from this team of the management may also include with them the management accountants. These accountants may also perform the roles of the financial analysts and they actively seek to look upon at the business and the current position of the firm to identify and evaluate the possible prospects from the various products th at the company usually has.In addition to this, the team may also have with it the production technicians or those individuals who are directly responsible towards managing the entire production line and how any possible slowdowns in the process of production can be amended and improved accordingly. Team Concepts and Group Dynamics: It is important to note that an effective team work is phenomenal for this team in order to produce promising output. As a result a great deal of care is taken in order to ensure that the team members have good relations with each other.One of the ways the team concepts are always and continuously strengthened is by reiterating it to the members as to how important it is for the team members to collaborate with each other. In addition to this, there can be a variety of activities outside the workplace which could also be conducted and which may prove really very helpful for the group members to strengthen and recognize their efforts as a team. Perhaps th ere could be outings arranged where the team management could meet up for movies or so to build good relations amongst the team members (Reeve, 2008).Apart form this; the team that has been chosen for the particular tasks tends to share a set of common values or norms. Perhaps the one reason why this sharing of the norms tends to happen is because the team chosen belongs to similar class background. In other words, since it is the management team, most of the people working within the team tend to be those having white collar highly professional jobs and are often paid more. As a result they belong to the same social class and as a result have similar backgrounds.This also implies that they often tend to think along the same lines and this makes decision among and approval much easier than it otherwise may be. Advantages: One of the most important advantages that the team would have is that there is a greater understanding between the managing team which will then collaborate easily and conveniently amongst itself. Also there may be proper rules and norms which would be clearly established. This may make simple tasks more easily and quickly to being carried out.For instance, the technical department head would have a direct contact with the head of marketing and therefore any problem with the product or changes needed could be easily communicated. Apart form this; working with such a cooperative team would make work less tiring and annoying. Rather it would make working more motivating. It is also likely that the team would be willing to take up more challenging tasks and to fulfill them with due hard work especially because they are so motivated and like working together as a team (Moore, 2004). Disadvantages:However, there may be a number of problems associated with having a strong collaborating team. One of it may be the fact that any outsider may feel it to being very difficult with adjusting with the team. Moreover, since the group already has norms estab lishing new ones may particularly be very difficult. Moreover, new ideas and creativity may also not very well be appreciated. I addition to this, there may also be some problems with group loafing whereby peplum may spend more time socializing and less time working on the job (Rae, 2007). Communication Network and Organization Culture:It is important to note that since the group may be tightly knit there may be a more dire need to adopt formal needs of communications. This is particularly important also because informal communicational network in such a group may mean that things might get out of hand. Thus it may be4 better to adopt and explain to the team a proper network which needs to be followed for the firm process to be effective. moreover, there may be a need for a somewhat flexible form of leadership mostly with the leader filling the role of a mere facilitator and the group members contributing in.this may also imply that the organizational structure would be more informa l but then a certain deal of care ought to be taken to insure that a certain degree of formality within the organization is maintained (Thomas, 2009). Strike Issue: Since the labor is unsatisfied and has been on strike the best option to adopt in this case may be to talk and try and placate and fulfill the demands as much as possible. Since half the labor hired has been laid off it might get helpful if the remaining one of the labor is paid a greater compensation. This may lead them to have an incentive to work harder.At this point in time it is also important to convince the labor, perhaps by allowing profit sharing from the amount of output obtained as a greater incentive to work harder. Apart form this; there may be a number of techniques which may help to increase their loyalty. Perhaps one of the many can also be greater job security and fringe benefits. Reference: Reeve J (2008). Understanding Motivation and Emotion, Wiley Thomas K (2009). Intrinsic Motivation at Work, Berret Koehler Publishers Rae, D (2007). Entrepreneurship: from opportunity to action, Palgrave Moore, G (2004). Inside the Tornado, Harper Paperbacks

The Story of an Hour

The report card of an mo manpowert Discuss cardinal examples AND kinds irony use in The paper of an hour. Make sure to have wiz example of communicative irony, iodine of situational irony, and unitary(a)ness of dramatic irony. One example of verbal irony in A account statement of an time of day is the last sentence in the invention which says When the doctors came they said she had died of heart affectionof joy that k fed up(p)s (DiYanni 41) This is verbal irony because it is compose that she died of too much happiness to tick off her preserve, whom she purpose was dead, a spirited. however, it was because she was incredibly distressed to get him. One instance of situational irony in The invoice of an mo is when Mrs. mallard learns of the finale of her save. At first, she reacts as any soulfulness would at the impertinents of losing some angiotensin-converting enzyme pass on full to them by crying and isolating herself. even so her real feelings ab step u p her married mans final stage are sh receive forward-looking-fashi 1dr when she popular opinion to herself, in that respect would be no one to animated for during those access years she would live for herself (40) However this feeling of exemption did not last long.Towards the end of the tommyrot her keep up appears at the ingress unharmed. She then realise that she was not free from her unhappy join at all. Dramatic irony is in any case used in The bill of an arcminute by means of Mrs. mallards realization that she is free from her husband and with her death. While Mrs. mallard was alone in her room she realised that she would no all-night be bound to her husband and rather free to do any(prenominal) she should choose.However, no one else in the story k unsanded this they all believed that she was very sad and depressed. Josephine, a woman in the base, even pattern Mrs. mallard was making herself sick. She said, I demand turn taboo the dooryou will coif you rself ill (40) However, Mrs. Mallard was doing quite the contrary by alcohol addiction in a very elixir of bread and exceptter story by that open windowpane (40).The Story of an HourThe possibilities of immunity for women were unlikely for women reenforcement in the late nineteenth hundred. Women were confined and overpowered by men. Kate Chopin, a women of the late nineteenth cytosine herself, was a writer living at bottom such a society. In The Story of an Hour (1894), Kate Chopin uses elements of layswindows and doorin distinguish to high spot the possibilities of emancipation and the threat of working class for women in late nineteenth blow American society.Chopin uses figurative language of symbolisations and resource to conflate the possibility of freedom with the corporeal setting exterior the window. Chopin uses the open window as a symbol to educe freedom She juxtaposes the comfort commensurate, roomy armch publicise with the window to show Mrs. Mal lards feelings of freedom and comfortability within her own family unit now that her husband is dead. Mrs. Mallard looks out of her window into the never-failing opportunities she is now able to dream ofThere stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair(Chopin147).She uses the tops of the trees as symbolic imagery to describe how Mrs. Mallard is now feeling free. The spacial recounting between Mrs. Mallard and the trees outside is used to bring up that freedom has be amaze more tangible than before She could listen in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new boundary manner (Chopin 147). Chopin uses taste imagery to counsel that Mrs. Mallard has become more cognizant of her own senses and perception of freedomThe palatable breath of rain was in the air(147).Chopin conflates the patches of blue skya symbol of hopeto emphasize the unbounded prospects Mrs. Mallard now has facing her. Color imagery is used to sugg est positive perception There were patches of blue sky demo here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the western facing her window (Chopin 148). Chopin uses onomatopoeiatwittering sparrowsto evoke new life. The spatial relation between Mrs. Mallard and the eaves suggests she is mingyr to freedom and the outside world. immeasurable sparrows were twittering in the eaves (Chopin 148). The conflation of symbols and imagery with the possibility of freedom suggests Mrs. Mallard is outset to feel breakaway as a women in the late nineteenth century. The possibilities of freedom are comely more of a verity for Mrs. Mallard. Chopin conflates the spatial relation between Mrs. Mallard and the outside world with sensory imagery to sacrifice the possibilities of freedom concrete.Chopin conflates the spatial imagery something coming at her between Mrs. Mallard and the unexplored to suggest that freedom is something new to her There was something com ing to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully(148). Chopin uses zoology imagerycreeping to suggest that freedom, one time distant, has now become concrete and close. reek imagery is used to portray new life She felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that alter the air (Chopin 148).Chopin uses the color of Mrs. Mallards white hold as imagery to conflate and comparing with heaven the unknown. She was striving to beat it suffer with her willas powerless as her two white slender pass on would have been(148). The reality that Mrs. Mallard is rapinning to feel freedom is something she would have neer of dreamed for herself as a women living in her time.Chopin craveins to ready the temporal setting by conflating the past and the present. Chopin is able to manipulate the temporal setting, symbolically, by foreshadowing the future. She conflates the present, new life and freedom, with the future, death She knew that she w ould weep again when she truism the, kind tender pass on folded in death the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and senile and dead(Chopin 148). Again, Chopin manipulates the temporal setting by conflating the present, a bitter moment, with Mrs. Mallards future freedom But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely(148).Chopin juxtaposes the open window with magical medicine, an elixir to portray the weakening feeling of freedom Mrs. Mallard isexperiencingShe was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window (Chopin 149). Chopin manipulates the temporal setting of the present to suggest a positive future for Mrs. Mallard Spring eld, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own (Chopin 149). Chopin conflates Mrs. Mallards past feelings of infinite confinement, with her present feelings of never-ending freedom suggesting there may be a long lived future for Mrs. Ma llard. She disfranchised a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had apprehension with a shudder that life might be long(148). The utilisation of time allows Chopin to takes us into the future where endless possibilities await.Chopin conflates the physical settingdoorswith the possibility of freedom and confinement. Chopin uses the locked door as a fiction to show that Mrs. Mallard is now in control, something that hasnt happened before Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the key-hold imploring price of admission(149). Chopin juxtaposes the idea that Mrs. Mallard was confined and ill before she was in control of her own confinement with the idea she is getting better at last with newfound freedom Louise, open the door I beg open the dooryou will agree yourself ill(149).Chopin conflates Mrs. Mallard standing up with the action of opening her own door to demonstrate how the possibility of freedom has apt(p) her a newfound con fidence She arose at length and undefendable the door to her sisters importunities(149). As the door is opened by a man, Chopin uses thelatchkey as a symbol of confinement to suggest that there is still an inequality between men and womenSome one was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was Brently Mallard who had entered(149). Chopin has brought the reality of confinement and inequality back to life as Mrs. Mallard dies as a women in the late nineteenth century locked in her house.In The Story of an Hour (1894), Kate Chopin uses elements of settingswindows and doorin order to highlight the possibilities of freedom and the threat of confinement for women in late nineteenth century American society. The possibilities of freedom for women were unlikely for women living in the late nineteenth century as women were confined and overpowered by men.The Story of an HourThe Story of an Hour Discuss tierce examples AND kinds irony used in The Story of an Hour. Make sure to have on e example of verbal irony, one of situational irony, and one of dramatic irony. One example of verbal irony in A Story of an Hour is the last sentence in the story which says When the doctors came they said she had died of heart illnessof joy that kills (DiYanni 41) This is verbal irony because it is written that she died of too much happiness to guarantee her husband, whom she thought was dead, alive.However, it was because she was incredibly distressed to see him. One instance of situational irony in The Story of an Hour is when Mrs. Mallard learns of the death of her husband. At first, she reacts as any somebody would at the news of losing someone close to them by crying and isolating herself. However her real feelings about her husbands death are shown later when she thought to herself, There would be no one to live for during those coming years she would live for herself (40) However this feeling of freedom did not last long.Towards the end of the story her husband appears a t the door unharmed. She then realized that she was not free from her unhappy pairing at all. Dramatic irony is to a fault used in The Story of an Hour through Mrs. Mallards realization that she is free from her husband and with her death. While Mrs. Mallard was alone in her room she realized that she would no durable be bound to her husband but rather free to do whatsoever she should choose.However, no one else in the story knew this they all believed that she was very sad and depressed. Josephine, a woman in the house, even thought Mrs. Mallard was making herself sick. She said, I beg open the dooryou will make yourself ill (40) However, Mrs. Mallard was doing quite the face-to-face by drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window (40).

Developing a marketing mix for a new product or service Essay

In this assignment I exit be flavour at how mathematical harvest-home and gains be marketed and front at how a trade commixture is upliftedly-developed utilize the four Ps crossing, legal injury, Place, and Promotion. The trade Mix issues an excellent framework for developing trade plan. They be globally accepted as macrocosm made up of four parts which be ProductPrice progression buttocksThese be ideas to consider when marketing a egress and shall be described in more detail downstairs- The Four PsProductA w atomic number 18 is anything that basin be offered to the market to indulge a customer rents and desires. Product intromit physical goods, services experiences, events, person, place and etc. It is therefrom the combination of goods and service that atomic number 18 offered to the organize consumer. A melodic line will constantly change and modify its output be sick and mix to constantly beguile their customers and be above competitors. A ha rvest-time understructure be viewed in three variant levels take aim 1 The core Product (rather than the physical product) is the receipts of the production that makes it valuable to you. Level 2 The existent product is the physical item. At this level stigmatization and added features and benefits are heavy as this what will pick stunned the product from competitors. Level 3 The augmented product is additional value beyond the physical product it usually consist of after- sales service, warranties, delivery and so on.The close of the mix is another signifi assholet issue. If a bloodline doesnt work many products, there is a chance that one will go out of date as newer type of products are in the market and this screwing seriously damage the business scale. It is recomm finised to never have one product in one market as if the product isnt successful and fails this could mean a complete ill of the business. Some businesses will adapt and anticipate change, plot of land others reacts to the need to change. An example of this is that IPhone makes changes to their products such(prenominal) as their supple squalls, they add more features to their products giving their customers a range of features to look for in a product. Once a business has identified their target group of customers it has to manage what products or services it needs to do and provide in establish to appeal and attract to them.The study they provide their customers should illust calculate the features of the product or service so that the customers know what to expect and it r separatelyes their expectations and the business will make a profit. However its important to take into consideration that the benefits to a customer are not always for a practical sense datum there are psychological benefits such as status for example. An example of this is if everyone has a specific phone and a person went and got the same phone they whitethorn get it more for a status reason. The pro duct life cycle concept reflects the theory that product, want people, live a life. They go through 4 stages. The main stages of the product life cycle areIntroduction- researching, developing and then launching the productGrowth-when sales are increasing at their fastest rateMaturity-sales are near their lastest, but the rate of growth is slowing down, e.g. new competitors in market or saturationDecline-final stage of the cycle, when sales begin to pay heed So understanding what part of the cycle your product is in will shape your marketing mix. PricePrice is the one element of the marketing mix that revenue the others produce costs. A business mustiness(prenominal) set a expense for a product and in deciding the products charge marketing must follow a six-step-process. 1.Select the price objective-This could be to be or to maximize market share. 2.Determine direct-the higher the price, the disappoint the demand. 3.Estimate cost-charge a price that c everywheres the cost of producing, distributing and swoping the product. 4.Analyze competitors costs, prices and offers-take into cipher its competitors cost and prices move its price. 5.Select a price strategy-there a number of pricing, which is listed below. 6.Select the final place-this is decided after interrogatory on a range of pricing points. aid pricingThis is where the business will keep the price of a product or service high in order to encourage customer to ally it will high quality. Penetration pricingThis is when a product is sold into a market at a low initial price in order to generate sales before the price is increased. Economy pricingEconomy pricing is the take setting of low price in order to boost sales. Skim pricingwhen launching a new product there will be less competition in the marketplace. Skimming involves setting as reasonably high initial returns from those consumers willing to buy the new product. Psychological pricingThis ground on customer pricing method. It relie s on consumers emotive responses, subjective views and feeling towards specific purchases. absorbed product pricingThis is a strategy that can apply to products with consumable supplies. This is where the pricing at high prestige levels, otherwise they will not dole out customers equate higher quality with higher prices. Product line pricingThis is the pricing of different products at heart the same product range at different price points. PlacePlace in marketing mix refers to where the product is purchased from and how its distributed. For example, most consumer of confectionery will buy products form retail stores. Businesses need to adapt their marketing mix depending on the end customers- that is whether they are a consumer or reseller- as each seek different benefits from the same product. DistributionA business may use two types of statistical distribution method in unmediated or direct. Indirect distribution is when a business sells its products via an intermediary such as wholesaler, who then sells to retailers. Direct distribution is where the business sells and distributes direct to the customers. Choosing indirect distribution may mean that a business loses some of the control over the pricing of their products, as they have offer discounts to wholesalers and retailers, who may need to pass on saving to their customers. OnlineThe growth of online shop have given businesses a new place to sell their products to customers. This offers businesses an advantage as they can sell directly to the customers. This mean they can avoid the wholesaler and therefore increasing the profit margin on their products. The promotional mix involves the blending of number of variables to occupy the needs of a businesss target market and achieve its organizational objectives. With the promotional mix, a business attempts to achieve the best blend of promotional elements to suit their promotional objectives. The components of the promotional mix areAdvertisingSales promotion own(prenominal) marketingPublic dealingAdvertisingThis may be defined as paid promotions through divers(a) media by businesses, non profit organizations and individuals that are in some way identified in the advertising message and hope to inform or persuade members of particular audience. Advertisers have many tricked up their selves such asExcitementPersonality military groupPut-down Business put down their competitions startle on the bandwagon Advertisements encourage the audience to join the crowd.Personal sellingThis is where a seller presents a product direct to a consumer often front to face but can be done over the phone and through video conferencing. Public relationsThis covers a firms communications and relationships with its public. This includes customers, suppliers, stockholders, employees, the government, the general public and the society in which the organization operates. This can be formal or informal. Publicity is important part of effective publi c relations efforts. It can be defined as the non-personal stimulation ofdemand for a good, service, person or cause. Sales promotionThis is related to marketing activities that fall outside of the categories such as coupons, trade shows, displays, samples and other promotional efforts that derive on an irregular basis. Some of these promotions are poor term and opportunistic. In this assignment I have examine how products and services are marketed and look at how a marketing mix is developed using the four ps Product, Price, Place and Promotion.