Life in times of Second World War Essay Example for Free

Life in times of Second World War EssayI think its tougher to live through a war for an ordinary citizen than a soldier. A soldier in the battle field has little else to worry but about the next battle feature with his protest fate. Whats more, a soldier always believes that the final outcome of the war can be influenced by his actions. thitherfore he has a smell of participation and assurance to the results. However, for a civilian, a person detached from the field of action, there is nothing to do but to wait and hope. M any(prenominal) would say this topographic point is far better than to risk life in the battlefield however, my personal experience says that the feeling of inaction and helplessness that comes being a civilian is choking. There is nothing more depressing than listening to war news while being unable to influence its outcome in any significant way. I was suffering from stomach ulcer when the war had started and the military doctors had refused to accept me in the services.Its true that as a wartime civilian I actively diligent myself in health institutions, where serving the wounded gave a sense of contribution to the war efforts and belongingness to the conflict that had so deeply afflicted the lives of over 10 ace thousand million people. The first phase of the war Although we had declared war upon Germany in 39, there was no feeling of anticipation of war or sense threat anywhere in capital of the United Kingdom. No one really took the announcement any more serious than a brawl between two children (Wilson, 41).I was a teacher in a boys school and the shining and exciting typesetters cases of children represented as if an exciting cricket match was awaiting then. Then everything suddenly changed. I heard with a growing sense of threat the advancements that belligerent German armies made through continental Europe Wood and Depster, 155). It was incredible how nothing seemed to footstall before them. Belgium, Poland, France, ea ch falling like a pack of cards before. And then the first bomb struck London in September 40.So far I can recall, there was no panic, but a doomed sense of determination that we all felt, eager to carry out our own duties in the process (Fusell, 29). The local authorities had tutored us well on the use of gas masks and bunkers in times of assails. Blackouts were everyday event. Whenever there was a raid by German warplanes, which was daily, the entire city switched itself off, plunging everything in absolute darkness. It was a unique experience-a sense of thrill combined with dread as our warplanes rose blue to combat the German bombers.(Fusell, 15) I took shelter in a large bunker that was built in the back park. Many people, with a garden quadruplet in their internal, had built Anderson shelter and stayed put there. Many like me, choose the public shelter. I dont know about others, but meet sitting there quietly with so many people around inspired me with comfort and securit y (Air Ministry, 16). Public shelters were less safe of course, and being of bigger dimensions they were easily prone to attack. As it happened, unfortunately some of them were struck by bombs and many innocent lives were lost (Fusell, 15).If anything this further resolved us to face the flight of steps German menaces. Every morning when I left the shelter and moved through streets of London, smoldering buildings, shattered vehicles and running ambulances met the sight. I knew people had died during the German raids and it gave me a guilty feeling, having survived the night when many of fellow citizens could not. The bombing lasted for two full months and every day I followed the same routine of spending the night in the dark, blacked out shelter. After the end of bombing by end of October, I thought perhaps things would return to normalcy. I really wanted that.The scarred face of London, the wreckage of buildings and lives lost closeed me with disquiet. But as news came pouring in of German advances and expansion of war in Africa and Asia, I did not see any end to the conflict (Wilson, 65). The daily life had suddenly changed its character. In almost a complete reversal of the situation, the security, comfort and ease of former days were replaced by a continued sense of urgency and parsimony that pervaded the entire London Wood and Depster, 155). Gone were the days of daily parties, weekly sojourns, weekends at country houses, and the bounteous English life style.I had personally been only occasionally involved in these attractions, but as I used to travel from my school to home in the evening, music and revelry were heard from many of the pretty bungalows and houses-this was in the pre war day. It had all suddenly died out. Most of the men had left for war, and women had stepped out to fill the vacant positions Wood and Depster, 155). England did not produce sufficient quantity of food to meet its own requirements and imported most of the food grains and i tems for its consumption (Wood and Depster, 155).Wartime conditions had severely dependent the food supply and we saw implementation of rationing system, where food was allocated through family quota (Gorrora, 71). I was never a glutton, but over the years, tea had become one of my daily requirements. With war, rationing and quota, tea vanished from the market. Other items of daily requirements-sugar, beef, and milk also became extremely scarce. No one complained of the scarcity, but everyone felt the pinch of it. After the London bombing I volunteered to join an emergency medical camp, which brought a constant engagement and action in my life.But it was not the type of engagement I could cherish. Meeting severely injured men, women and children, soldiers who had lost their limbs or were dying due to diseases, gangrene and fatal wounds was an unbearable exercise for my will and personal stamina (Wilson, 71). However, despite my personal sense of despair, there was a rising hope wi thin England that it would stand against the Axis powers and this hope in itself was a motivation enough for me to trim in the hospital day and night. There were many nights in continuation when I hardly closed my eyes for an hourOur hope and endurance last paid off when after 5 years of bloodshed, the war finally culminated. We were already prepared by the general tidings for this news, but the immense residuum brought by even this known information is indescribable (Wilson, 101). It appeared that after being buried alive for years, I had once again appeared on the surface, free to breather the fresh air, free to see the sun, free to live again. Reference Wilson, E. Dangerous Sky A Resource Guide to the participation of Britain.Greenwood Press, 1995. 128 pgs. Wood, D. and Depster, D. D. The Narrow Margin The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930-40. Hutchinson, 1961. 538 pgs. Air Ministry. The First Great Air Battle in History The Battle of Britain, an Air Ministry Record of the Great long time from August 8th to October 31st, 1940. Garden City Publishing, 1941. 56 pgs. Fussell, P. Wartime Understanding and Behavior in the Second World WarBook Oxford University Press, 1990. 330 pg Burdett, Gorrara, C and Peitch, H. 1999. European Memories of the Second World War. Berghahn Books, 1999. 338 pg

Kudler Fine Food - Marketing Essay Example for Free

Kudler delicately Food Marketing EssayWith the marketing focus review, this paper will discuss the potency technology solutions for client contests, loyalty points programs, grease ones palms tracking, benchmarking of internal versus external service processes, and the management of inventory and related costs. Also concepts such as consumer databases and customer relationship management systems (CRM) will be elucidate upon. A potential technology solution to support customer contests jackpot be achieved through a simple manner of employing an online survey that net be held daily. A winner would be selected each day. The winner would enjoy the prize of being in the presence of Kathy Kudler in being taught how to prepare specialty foods in a cooking class. Another suggestion for a prize would be to provide tickets to special and private events that are held by Kudler Fine Foods. On the technology end of this solution, the customer would fill out the online survey and the i nformation would be stored in a database. At the end of the month, a winner would be haphazardly selected from the database for the contest. The cost of the implementing and maintaining a program and the database would be affordable for Kudler Fine Foods.Essentially, the time and cost would be made up by the targeted customers thirst to enter said contests to fully enjoy the Kudler Fine Foods executive experience. Also another option for a prize is to have cooking classes that are presented by cooking professionals, celebrities, or food experts rather than just the owner, Kathy Kudler. The Loyalty Points Program, also known as frequent shopper program, is a program that would allow the customer to compile points that can be used within the Kudler Fine Foods stores.With this program, customers shopping and purchasing habits can also be tracked. With the points that have been accumulated by the customer, the points can be exchanged for high-end items within the stores. By employing this program, Kudler Fine Foods will be more familiar with their customers as well as their spending habits. In summing up to, this program will allow Kudler Fine Foods to salvage track of each and every customer on the frequency of their visits to the stores and keep having them come back to accumulate more points.On the technology side of this programs, a data management system would be need to be constructed and maintained in order to keep track of the multitude of customers and their accumulation of loyalty points. This data management system would service all of the Kudler Fine Foods stores in ensuring that the all of the data is integrated for modern customers, customer information is updated, and that duplicates are prevented. To allow customers to redeem their accumulated loyalty points, web servers would need to be set up to assist with the vast essence of data.Also, redundancy of the said servers would need to be implemented in case there is a hardware or software fai lure. The most important scrap of the loyalty program is the card itself. It is a card that the customer would carry and has a unique identifier dedicated to that customer. With these cards, the customer can view online their accumulated points and purchases at Kudler Fine Foods. Kudler Fine Foods utilizes purchase tracking to follow profit, profit margin, and transactions that have taken place over a period of time.With the large amounts of data, Kudler Fine Foods will need an effective, efficient, and accurate means of capturing and storing this information. In stating that, the main server will need to be located at the main store so as to be a focal point for all communications that happen between all stores. Benchmarking can be described as the most effective method in relation to both products and processes. Other successful business entities that are similar to Kudler Fine Foods can be viewed as a model such as Wal-mart.Being able to view Wal-mart as a model for the processe s, Kudler Fine Foods is able to meet benchmarking, if not higher, and continuously mend on it products and processes. On the technology side of benchmarking, online web based training courses can be created to teach and inform employees on the immature products and services. An important snap off of Kudler Fine Foods is inventory management since Kudler Fine Foods is a store that sells a large amount of fine foods. Not knowing what is in stock can address to an overstock or a shortage of merchandise.Having an overstock simply spells wasted money that could have been spent elsewhere. Having a shortage of product would lead to dissatisfied customers. On the technology side of inventory management, IT is a huge factor in tracking, recording, and warning about inventory. A main server would be connected to the point-of-sales machines and continuously keep track of all of the inventory from each and every store. The inventory management system would always be updated from when a new inventory is placed into stock and when an item is taken out of inventory.In conclusion, Kudler Fine Foods currently has a strong foothold in its marketing abilities. Employing the suggested potential technology solutions would not only promote efficient and effective processes but would also allow for room potential growth and increased revenue. With this vision in mind, this mission statement of Kudler Fine Foods will be met successfully as well as all of the standards that Kathy Kudler is counting on. References https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/internet/index. asp viper

Natrol Biotin Supplements: Uses and Effects

Natrol vitamin H Supplements Uses and EffectsNatrol vitamin HNatrol Biotin is a appurtenance that is taken to increase Vitamin B7 in the body. Biotin and vitamin H argon other(a) terms used to identify this vitamin. Biotin is sourced from different foods and is acquireed in small amounts in the body. This is one reason why vitamin B7 wish is r ar. The supplement is administered to prevent as well as treat a vitamin B7 lack. The deficiency prat be brought on by pregnancy, malnutrition, long term tube alimentation as well as rapid weight loss. It is in any case used to treat hair loss, weak nails, mild cases of depression, type two diabetes and skin blossom in infants.Biotin is part of a large group of vitamins that fall under thee B complex classification (Ehrlich, 2011). Such vitamins aid the body to rest down carbohydrates into energy that the body then uses as fuel. They also help the body to burn fats and protein. Without adequate vitamin H, the body is unable to metab olize amino acids, fats, carbohydrates as well as the building blocks of protein (Ehrlich, 2011). The supplement is included in many enhancive products for hair and skin as it is believed to strengthen nails and hair.Vitamin B is generally non stored in the body as it is water soluble. However, there are bacteria in the digestive tract that can reconstitute it. The vitamin is also considered as a key nutrient for conventionalism development of the fetus. As such, it is considered as a key nutrient for expectant mothers (Ehrlich, 2011).Similar to any nutritional supplement, there are guidelines on how it should be administered as well as notable side effects that can draw near from the use or abuse of the supplements. Studies have been conducted to derive how this vitamin reacts with other substances when ingested and a number of effects have been noted. Similar to other modes of sermon, it is return that this supplement has numerous benefits when administered in the right wa y. However, that not withstanding, cases do arise when these same supplements do more harm than good to a person. However, this is very rare. As such, it is necessary that one ensures that they seek professional medical advice should they feel that they need to use Natrol Biotin to combat hair loss, brittle nails or any other condition that the supplement is known to offer relief.Purported use and health claimsA question that begs to be answered in here is why people take Biotin. From the introduction, it is clear that biotin plays an important role in the body. Vitamin B7 helps the skin maintain a reasoning(a) glow, strengthens nails, and prevents hair loss. It also supports health of the impudences, cells, metabolism and digestive tract (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). It has also been found to be an effective treatment on some types of look illnesses that arise from diabetes and kidney failure (Karriem-Norwood, 2013).Supplements such as Natrol Biotin have been subjected to controlled clinical studies to determine how effective they are for certain health conditions. Early clinical query has indicated that the supplement helps to decrease insulin resistance in people suffering from type two diabetes (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). However, additional research needs to be done as no conclusive position has been reached on its use for treatment. Other uses for biotin that lack support in terms of adequate clinical research include treatment of conditions such as hair loss, hepatitis, depression and cradle cap (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). The supplement is however known to help strengthen brittle nails. Biotin is crucial for normal embryonic growth and as such is considered as a key nutrient for expectant mothers.As earlier highlighted, Biotin is a nutrient that is naturally available in food. As such, most people do not need the supplements. In addition, the human body recycles biotin that has already been used. As such, a deficiency in vitamin B7 is rare (Karriem-Norwood, 2013).Why use biotin supplementsThe rationale for the use of biotin supplements is to treat and prevent a deficiency. However, considering that this is a rare deficiency to have, in most cases, the supplement is used to treat conditions such as lethargy, mild cases of depression, nerve disorders and delusions. Some assure exists that mild biotin deficiency can be caused by cigarette smoking.As the supplement is known to react with other drugs, it is advised that one seeks medical advice before they choose to take biotin supplements. He Institute of Medicine provides a table that indicates the appropriate dosage for different categories. Infants ranging from zero to 6 months need five micrograms (mcgs) per day (WebMD, 2015). Those aged between seven and twelve months need six mcgs per day. Children between ages one and eight require eight mcgs daily. Those aged between nine and thirteen require xx micrograms daily while those aged between fourteen and eighteen years need twenty-fi ve micrograms per day (WebMD, 2015). Adults generally require thirty micrograms per day. However, for breastfeeding women, the advisable divine guidance is thirty-five micrograms (WebMD, 2015).While it is clear that the body requires very few doses of biotin per day, no research evidence suggests that a high intake poses a health risk. However, cases have arisen where natrol biotin users have reported experiencing negative side effects such as a skin rash. Some of the signs of a biotin dose include lower levels of certain vitamins in the body, slower release of insulin and high blood sugar levels (Oliver, 2015).Very few studies have been done to evaluate biotin largely because a deficiency is extremely rare. As such, many of the studies that have been carried out are based on case reports or weak evidence. thither is inconclusive evidence to suggest that biotin supplements such as natrol biotin improve hair loss as well as strengthen the toenail and fingernails. The vitamin supple ment has however been paired up with topical clobetasol and zinc to treat alopecia areata (WebMD, 2015). This is largely attributed to its role as part of the building blocks of protein. The patient given biotin supplements that are to be administered orally as well as a cream containing clobetasol propionate which is applied to the skin (WebMD, 2015).Though the evidence available is to some dot insufficient, cases have shown that biotin, on its own alters blood sugar levels in people suffering from type two diabetes. It has also been noted to reduce diabetic nerve pain (WebMD, 2015). Some evidence also shows that when it is combined with Chromium, it helps to reduce blood sugar levels in people suffering from type 2 diabetes. Earlier evidence has also shown that the same combination helps reduce high cholesterol for such patients (WebMD, 2015).Biotin might also increase the thickness of nails. It is used in cosmetic products for hair and skin at varying concentrations that range u p to as high as 0.6% (Fiume, 2001). The vitamin is also known to absorb some ultra reddish blue radiation. Its high solubility in water results in it being metabolized and expelled in urine. No known side effects have been found based on tests conducted. The tests that have been carried out include intradermal injection of the vitamin in guinea pig skin, with the biotin being at a pH of 7.3 failed to produce fugacious ocular irritation when it was given to rabbits. Oral administration of the vitamin to mice did not result in any differences between control and treatment groups (Fiume, 2001). However, in one study, where individuals were expose to a biotin every day, evidence of urticarial reaction was found (Fiume, 2001). However, no parallel appearance of reaction was noted or the appearance of irritation as well as any other adverse reactions. As such, it has been concluded that biotin is safe to use in cosmetic products (Fiume, 2001).Summary and ConclusionNatrola Biotin is not a drug but a nutritional supplement for vitamin B7 which is otherwise known as Biotin. Biotin is an important nutrient as it contributes to the healthy appearance of skin and hair. As such, it is one of the ingredients in cosmetic products. The human body does not need this nutrient in large doses which is why cases of deficiency are extremely rare.The man reasons why people take the supplement is to treat hair loss and brittle nails. It is also used together with other products to treat some diseases such as type 2 diabetes and kidney failure. Expectant mothers are the only category of people that require the highest supply of the nutrient per day. It has also been known to be used to treat skin rash that at times occurs in children.So far, evidence is insufficient concerning its use for treatment of a number of diseases that it apparently helps to alleviate. However, from the role the nutrient plays in the body of breaking down carbohydrates into energy that the body then uses as fuel, and in aiding in the break-down of fats and protein, it is clear that it is a vital component in the human body. It is also known to aid the body to metabolize amino acids, fats, carbohydrates as well as the building blocks of protein (Ehrlich, 2011).ReferencesEhrlich, S. D. (2011, June 26). Vitamin H (Biotin). Retrieved from umm.eduFiume, M. (2001). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Biotin. International Journal of Toxicology, 45-61.Karriem-Norwood, V. (2013, June 5). Biotin. Retrieved from webmd.com http//www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/supplement-guide-biotinOliver, D. (2015, February 8). Why You Should Be Cautious Of Taking Biotin For Your Hair, Skin Nails. Retrieved from huffingtonpost.com http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/30/biotin-hair-skin-nails_n_4016804.html?ir=IndiaadsSiteOverride=inWebMD. (2015). Biotin Uses and Effectiveness. Retrieved from webmd.com http//www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-313-biotin.aspx?active ingredientid=313activeingredientname=biotin

Brief Overview Comparing Associate And Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses Nursing Essay

Brief Overview Comparing Associate And Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses nanny-goat EssayThis paper explores the major differences between associate and baccalaureate watchful nurses. Although associate and baccalaureate prepared nurses both sit for the same national examination after program graduation, they are still different in many ways. Baccalaureate prepared nurses must encompass all the same schooling as the associate prepared nurse, besides must attachmentally take on courses to prepare them to meet the demands of todays vexation for. Baccalaureate prepared nurses also are more in effect(p) to their long-sufferings and workplaces by providing patients with safer care, and also with the ability to advance their career quicker than the associate prepared nurse. These nurses differ from ADN prepared nurses because they possess greater knowledge regarding health promotion, complaint prevention, and reduction of risk. Knowledge in lead and management, community nursing, and overall wellness also make the ADN nurse and BSN nurse dissimilar. Both educated nurses work to reach the best possible level of wellness for their patients.Keywords Associate prepared nurse(s), baccalaureate prepared nurse(s)A Brief Overview Comparing Associate and Baccalaureate Prepared NursesThe early baccalaureate nursing programs were established in the US in the early 1900s, but the need for nurses didnt start until the 1960s. The associate distributor point level of nursing was demonstrable out of a need to produce nurses in response to a paucity during and following World War II. Although the associate degree programs alleviated the shortage back then, it was never meant to replace the professional level of nursing education. Recently, associate degree programs have become more popular because of the inexpensive cost and the sum total of time it takes to obtain a degree. Researchers have shown that although there are many similarities, the benefit of an associate p repared (ADN) nurse to pursue a baccalaureate (BSN) degree is much greater than it is to just stop at the ADN level. This paper evaluates the difference between ADN prepared nurses and BSN prepared nurses that include the education one must obtain, the level of competencies and care for the patient, and the opportunity for career advancement.Although education between both degree programs are similar, the baccalaureate nursing programs offer the nurse greater knowledge. Baccalaureate nursing programs contain all of the courses taught in associate degree programs, but then also incorporate more science courses, nursing theory and research, community health, and leadership and management. The extra course work is meant to enhance the nurses professional development and prepare the nurse for a broader scope of practice. The additional knowledge also provides the nurse with a better understanding of any issues that may affect the patients and influence the delivery of care. Baccalaureat e graduates also are taught to have more analytical and creative capacities and gouge eventually demonstrate stronger nursing skills in all areas. Whats more, with a baccalaureate degree, nurses that wish to further their education or strive for a higher role like a nurse practitioner, certified registered nurse anesthetist, or even a nurse educator, can do so. An associates prepared nurse cannot.In addition to the supplementary education that BSN nurses obtain, BSN nurses are known to offer a more individualized quality of care to their patients than the ADN nurse. Baccalaureate nurses demonstrate this by providing patient care that centers on uniquely identifying, respecting, and addressing patient issues, values, and needs. Various studies have also found that BSN nurses have a stronger communication system and use more problem solve skills (Johnson, 1988). They also have a higher proficiency in their ability to make nursing diagnoses and evaluate nursing interventions (Giger Davidhizar, 1990). Baccalaureate prepared nurses are prepared to adapt to situations more accurately than an associates prepared nurse. They are shown how to apply more specific care to their patients to prevent disease and achieve optimum levels of wellness. A select conducted by the California Institute for breast feeding Health Care in 2008 found that higher prevalence of baccalaureate and masters-prepared RNs at the bedside positively impact patient outcomes. The director stated, there is a growing body of evidence that shows that BSN graduates bring unique skills to their work as nursing clinicians and play an distinguished role in the delivery of safe patient care. The link between higher levels of nursing education and better patient outcomes clearly shows positive impacts for not only the patients, but also to the nurses.The additional knowledge that a BSN prepared nurse gains from the courses in management and leadership allows for these nurses to partake in career adva ncement. This does not mean that an associate prepared nurse cannot ever obtain these higher positions, but that it will take longer. For example, if I, an associate prepared staff nurse, and a bachelor prepared nurse were both to apply for a position as a charge nurse, the bachelor prepared nurse will more likely be disposed the position because the BSN prepared nurse is more educated in leadership and management. The career ladder is much steeper for the ADN nurse. In many studies conducted, many brain nurse officers in university hospitals also express their preference to hire BSN nurses based on their education. In a 2001 survey published in the Journal of Nursing Administration, 72% of these directors identified dissimilarities in practice between nurses, stating, BSN nurses are prized for their skills in critical thinking, leadership, case management, and health promotion, and for their ability to practice across a renewing of inpatient and outpatient settings. Thus, offeri ng the BSN nurse greater opportunities for career advancement in whatever setting they choose.The differences mentioned in this paper are just a few out of many differences between ADN prepared nurses and BSN prepared nurses. These differences include, but are not limited to education, the level of competencies and care for the patient, and the opportunity for career advancement. What is most important is for our society to recognize that as nurses expand their role and progress further into providing more unique care, the need for BSN prepared nurses will become more rattling to facilitate to todays new world of medicine and technology.

Liver Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Effects and Treatments

coloured-colored sickness Causes, Symptoms, Effects and TreatmentsCHAPTER 11.0 INTRODUCTIONLiver is the organ which is most important, and it plays a pivotal role in regulating confused processes in the body, such as storage, metabolism and secretion. It has great capacity to detoxify toxic substances to nontoxic substances and synthesize useful principles (Shanmugasundaram et al 2006).1.1 Anatomy of the LiverThe colorful is a triangular organ that extends across the entire abdominal cavity inferior to diaphragm. Most of the coloreds mass is located on amend side of body, where it descends inferiorly toward right(a) kidney. The colored-colored is madeup of very soft, pinkishbrown tissues encapsulated by connective tissue capsule. The capsule is covered and reinforced by the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity which protects liver-colored and holds it in the place within abdomen.Liver consists of four distinct lobes first the left lobe, second the right lobe, third caudate lob e, and last quadrate lobe. The left and right lobes argon the large lobes and argon separated by the falciform ligament. The right lobe is about five to six times larger than tapered left lobe. The nice caudate lobe extends from posterior side of the right lobe and it wraps approximately the inferior vena cava. Small quadrate lobe is inferior to the caudate lobe and it extends from the posterior side of the right lobe and it wraps around the gall bladder.Figure-1 Structure of liver.Functions of liverProduction of resentment that required for the digestion of foods.Storage of extra sugar or glucose into stored glycogen in liver cells of the body and then converts it concealment into glucose when the the body needs it for energy.Production of clotting factors.Production of amino acids that is building blocks for making proteins, that includes those used to help fight infection.The production and storage of iron which is necessity for production of red blood cells in the body.Manu facturing of cholesterol and other chemical substances that is required for fat transport.Conversion of waste products of the metabolism into urea that is excreted in urine.Metabolising medicines into their agile form (ingredient) in the body.1.2 Liver diseasesLiver disease is any disturbance in locomotes of the liver that wooing illness. The liver is responsible for various critical functions in the body and when it becomes injured or diseased, loss of those functions can cause significant damage to body. Liver diseases are also referred as hepatic disease.1.3 Types of liver diseases wet liver disease primary election liver cancer cirrhosis of the liverCystsFatty liver diseaseLiver fibrosisHepatitis sourPrimary sclerosing cholangitis1.3.1 cloudburst Liver DiseaseIn 2000, cirrhosis was 1 of the leading causes of death in U.S.A. (United States). intoxicating liver disease usually develops after large amount of alcoholic beverage intake. The retentive period during which alcohol excessively consumed, larger the amount ingested, high the rate of developing alcoholic liver disease and other liver problems.Signs and SymptomsConfusion overweening fluid between the membranes lining abdomen and abdominal organsTenderness and abdominal painDry mouthFever sapJaundice lading gainunwellnessLoss of appetiteAbnormal dark or light whittleAgitationAltered level of consciousnessBreast development in malesDifficulty concentratingHallucinationsImpaired judgmentPalenessRedness on feet or hands1.3.2 Primary Liver crabby personPrimary cancer of the liver which is a growing liver problem called primary liver cancer, it generally remains undetected until when this disease has reached the advanced stage because most people do not exhibit these symptoms early on.Signs and SymptomsJaundice that is discolour discoloration of skin.Abdominal pain (the upper right part of the abdomen)Swelling of abdomenAn enlarged liverFatigueGeneral weaknessLoss of appetiteNausea vomitingWeight l oss1.3.3 Liver CirrhosisLiver cirrhosis is generally considered to the fourth part stage of the alcoholic liver disease, it is progressive condition which causes liver damage. chronic alcoholism is the most normal cause of this disease. 40% of the 27000 people die from this disease. Cirrhosis is characterized by the replacement of normal healthy tissue by fibrous tissue, regenerative nodules and scarring of the liver that is liver scarring. The resulting hardening of the liver, hard liver throw ins with the blood circulation in the body, it leads to permanent damage to the liver and a completely loss of liver function.Signs and SymptomsAbdominal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavityAbnormal pain eject from engorged veins in esophagusDark cola-colored urineExhaustionGallstoneFatigueDiabetes type 2Itchy hands and feetLoss of appetiteCancer of liverLiver failureNausea and vomittingMalfunctioning of other systems such as impotence, kidney dysfunction and failure, and osteoporosi sHypertensionSensitivity to medicationsSpider-like small blood vessels under the skinSwelling of feet and hands from retained fluidHepatic encephalopathyWeight lossWeaknessjaundiceLiver cystsLiver cyst also know as hepatic cyst, a simple liver cyst is a bubble (thin walled bubble), a fluid filled cavity in liver. A common liver problem, liver cyst can normal benign and pose no health risks. but in some cases, liver cyst whitethorn grow large enough to cause pain and discomfort in the abdomen, liver enlargement, infection of bile ducts, and bile ducts obstruction, that leads the cyst itself to become infected. In this case, it is requisite to drain and remove the cyst.Fatty Liver DiseaseFatty Liver Diseases (steatosis) are generally considered to the first stage of Alcoholic Liver Disease. The exact causes of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) are unclear. Many researchers, however, believe that the metabolic syndromea cluster of disorders that increase risk of diabetes, hear t disease, and strokeplays a significant role in development of NAFLD.NAFLD Levels of SeveritySimple fatty liver (steatosis).NASH (Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), it is the inflammation and signs of necrosis.Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of liver, results in a hard liver which is un-able to function proper. so Cirrhosis can be fatal.Signs and SymptomsBleeding in esophagus from engorged veinsFatigueFluid in the abdominal cavityItching of feet and hands, and at long last entire bodyLoss of appetiteLiver failureLack of interest in sexMentally confusion, such as forgetfulness and trouble concentratingNausea and vomittingSmall red spider veins under skinSwelling of feet and legs from retained fluidWeight lossWeaknessCola-colored urineJaundice1.3.6 Liver FibrosisLiver fibrosis is generally considered to the third stage of Alcoholic Liver Disease, liver fibrosis is a liver condition which is very progressive. Liver fibrosis is characterised by the formation of the fibrous tissue , regenerative nodules and scarring of liver, which interfere circulation of blood and lead to loss of functions of liver. caused by chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C, cirrhosis is a disease which is degenerative disease of liver.Signs and SymptomsAbdominal accumulation of fluids in abdomenAbnormal painBleeding from engorged veins in intestines or oesophagusDark cola coloured urineEasy bruisingExhaustionFatigueItchy feet and handsLoss of appetiteLack of interest in sexNausea and vomittingSwelling of feet and legs by retained fluid (edema)Enlargement of the liverWeaknessLoss of weightJaundice1.3.7 HepatitisHepatitis is gastroenterological disease, means inflammation of liver. Hepatitis is not 1, but many diseases hepatitis A to E in which inflammation of liver occurs and its cells are damaged and then inflammatory chemicals are released and being produced in the liver. in some cases hepatitis B infection increases persons chance to development of liver cancer by 100 times.Signs and Symptoms of HepatitisDiarrheaDark urineAbdominal painEnlarged liverFeverFatigueGeneral achinessJaundice1.3.8 Primary Sclerosing CholangitisCholangitis is inflammation of bile ducts of liver. Sclerosing is inflammation leads to the excessive formation of scar and fibrous tissue. In primary sclerosing cholangitis PSC, the bile ducts of the liver have a bun in the oven become inflamed and scarred.1.3.9 JaundiceIt is not directly the disease of liver but rather symptom that can occur as result of variety of diseases. Jaundice appears a yellow discoloration of skin and white of the eyes caused by the abnormal formation of bilirubin in the blood. Orange yellowish pigment bilirubin, bilirubin is the part of bile, it forms in the liver as a byproduct of old cells of blood. When there are many blood cells (RBC) dying for liver to cope with yellowish pigment forms in the body resulting in jaundice, it is visible sign of liver problems.Jaundice is an indicator that a person is suffering from 1 of a many diseases including,Paracetamol toxicityAlcoholic liver diseasesAutoimmune hepatitisAn abnormal narrowing of the bile ductBlocked bile ducts caused by stones, infection, and tumorsChronic hepatitisDrug induced cholestasis, bile pools in the gallbladder as a result of certain medicinesDrug induced hepatitisFatty liver diseaseHemolytic anemiaIntra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, bile pools in the gallbladder because of the pressure in the abdomen during pregnancy.Ischemic hepatocellular jaundicePancreatic cancerPrimary biliary cirrhosisPrimary liver cancerViral hepatitisMalariaCauses of liver diseaseViral hepatitisObesityAlcoholGeneticsAutoimmune disordersDrugsToxinsCancerTable-1 Types of hepatobiliary injury or damage1.5 Mechanism of hepatotoxicityDistruption of cytoskeleton phalloidin and microcystin disrupts the integrity of hepatocyte cytoskeleton by affecting proteins that are vital to its dynamic nature. (Phillips et al, 1986)Cholastasis Bile formation is vulnerab le to toxicant effects on the functional integrity of sinusoidal transporters, canalicular exporters, cytoskeleton dependent processes for transcytosis, and the contractile engine block of the canalicular lumen.changes that weaken the junctions that form the structural barrier between the blood and the canalicular lumen allow solutes to leak out of the canalicular lumen. An immunosuppressive drug frequently reported to cause elevated level of serum bile salts and bilirubin as well as a reduction in bile flow.Mitochondrial damage Preferential injury to mitochondrial DNA, as opposed to nuclear DNA, is a plausible mechanistic basis for structural and functional alterations to hepatic mitochondria associated with nucleoside analog therapy for hepatitis B and AIDS infections and with alcohol abuse.1.6 Hepatotoxic agentsAbacavirAcetaminophenAcitretinAlcoholAldesleukinAmiodaroneAmsacrineAnabolic steroidsAndrogensAsparaginaseBexaroteneCarbamazepineCarmustineCytarabineDantroleneDapsoneDauno rubicinDisulfiramDivalproexEpirubicinErythromycinsEstrogensEthionamideEtretinateFelbamateFluconazoleFlutamideGold compoundsHalothaneHMG-CoA reductase inhibitorsImatinibIron (overdose)IsoniazidItraconazoleKetoconazoleLabetalolmercaptopurineMethimazoleMethotrexateMethyldopaMetronidazoleNaltrexoneNevirapineNiacinNilutamideNitrofuransPemolinePhenothiazinesPhenytoinPlicamycinPropylthiouracilRifampinRosiglitazoneSulfamethoxazoleSulfonamidesTacrineTenofovirTizanidineTolcaponeToremifeneTretinoinTroleandomycinValproic acidVitamin AZidovudineLamivudine1.7 Mechanisms of liver injury by some hepatotoxic substances1.7.1 Mechanism of liver injury by CCl4CCl4 converts into CCl3 and CCl3OO free radicals in the presence of enzyme CYP2E1, these free radicals then part the inflammatory and profibrogenic mediators, inflammatory mediators cause lipid peroxidation and profibrogenic mediators cause liver fibrosis which are responsible for the liver injury. CCl4 also acstivates Tissue inhibitor of metallo proteinase 1 (TIMP-1), Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 these expressions also activate profibrogenic mediators which cause liver fibrosis.Fig-2 Mechanism of liver injury by CCl41.7.2 Mechanism of liver injury by acetaminophenIn therapeutic dose acetaminophen metabolises by glucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases to stable metabolites which excreted throughout the body but in over dose acetaminophen metabolises by CYP2E1,CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 to toxic metabolite NAPQI(N-acetyl parabenzo quinine immine). this toxic metabolite covalently binds with the hepatocyte and causes damage to hepatocyte.After spinal column of NAPQI to hepatocyte there are two possibility, first is stimulation of CD44 receptor expression on T cell which recovers hepatocyte and second is the reduced expression of CD44 receptor on T cell causes hepatocyte apoptosis which is fatal condition to liver.Fig-3 (a)Liver injury by acetaminophen (b) Hepatocy te recovery and apoptosis process.1.7.3 Mechanism of liver injury by alcoholFig-4 Pathways through which alcohol (ethanol) can contribute to apoptosis.1.8 HepatoprotectionHepatoprotection is the ability to prevent damage to the liver.One medicine of hepatoprotection is silymarin, derived from Milk Thistle which selectively inhibits formation of leukotrienes by Kupffer cells.1.8.1 List of Herbs have potentially hepatoprotective constituents (Jia et al, 2011)Almond oilGanoderma lucidumGlycyrrhiza glabraArctium lappaHalenia ellipticaanklebone membranaceusMurraya koenigiiNymphaea stellataOcimum sanctumPaeonia lactifloraPergularia daemiaPicrorhiza kurrooaPhyllanthus amarusPlumbago zeylanicaSilybum marianumScoparia dulcisSalvia miltiorrhizaAmomum xanthoidesAstragalus membranaceusCichorium intybusCurcuma longaCajanus indicus,Centella asiaticaCoccinia indicaBrassica,EcliptaFlickingeria fimbriataFlickingeria fimbriataGanoderma lucidumGlycyrrhiza glabraHalenia ellipticaMurraya koenigiiNympha ea stellataOcimum sanctumPaeonia lactifloraPergularia daemiaPicrorhiza kurrooaPhyllanthus amarusPlumbago zeylanicaSilybum marianumScoparia dulcisSalvia miltiorrhizaScutellaria baicalensisSchisandra chinensisTable2 Plant tested in animal models for their hepatoprotective activity and found to be active.SBS PGI Balawala, DehradunPage 1

Science and the Judicial System Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Science and the Judicial schemeScience and the Judicial System are two concepts that at face value put throughm to be very distinct and unique in their own nature, but at their cores they luck interesting similarities and connections. They each propose a different way of life of understanding how we comprehend and place order. In this paper Ill address my understanding of both concepts, try out their theories, backbones and failures, and then bring them both together through connections hopefully to support my idea that they are both inextricably connected to what we call life and its birth to the human mind. Science is a controversial subject very much like Judicial System. Although Science is largely composed of observation, experiments and their results, it raises controversy because imagination and view play a key role in those interpretations. As we know that imagination and perspective vary with each person due to education, background, and experience how is it feasibl e that we can assign a concrete truth to such a varied conceptualization. Thus, we cannot formulate any concrete truth. In this sense I see Scientists more as Philosophers. Another issue I find when dealing with traditional scientific theories is that Science often fails to provide theories and explanations for phenomenons that hold truth and governing body in both a scientific context and the context of the human mind. I feel that Science often caters to a black and white way of formulating answers it fails to recognize the gray areas. Often times people try to find the most common and accepted ways to support their theories and in doing so they fit to the standard and more traditional ways of viewing the world. This leaves less room for creativit... ...ly in value but also politics. Both science and the judicial system produce gray areas when trying to understand and rationalize. Science and the judicial system are inextricably connected to life. We systematically try to put li fe in a box to create order, order insures a comfort, and that comfort often gets in the way of open-mindedness. The human mind by itself is a convoluted abundant universe. We as scholars, scientists, and human kind need to understand and that by assigning truths, right or wrongs we are limiting the extend of our intellectual capacities. References1)The Truth of Science, carnal Theories and Reality, An article from Harvard University Presshttp//www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NEWTRU.html2)An Overview of American Abortion Laws, A thorough explanation of the laws concerning abortions http//hometown.ao.com/abrtbng/overview.htm

Princes and Paupers Essay -- Wealth Poor Rich Economy Essays

Princes and PaupersYear by year the world becomes more sharply divided by two. On the one hand, there be the advanced, industrial, developed, with mature economics. And because there be the rest--developing, less developed, underdeveloped, undeveloped, and pre-industrial. The exact description is unimportant for the basic division is, of course, one between the rich and the poor. What does it mean to be poor? It has constantly been advantageous to be born(p) on the right side of the tracks. But the accident of birth has never had quite the significance that it holds today, for every child born to parents in the developed countries, vii are born in the underdeveloped world. This fact, above all(a) else, will determine the course of their lives. The chances are that most of the seven children will be born, and brought up in poverty. Being born poor, the chances are that you will spend your life being hungry. This is not ordinary hunger as we may know it, but actual starvation and ill health brought on by lack of nutrition. Two-thirds of the world suffers from malnutrition, and thirty thousand children under five dollar bill years of age die from malnutrition everyday. It is hard to imagine that within a twenty-four hour period we actually lose that many children. The total regimen resources in the world today would be perfectly adequate to feed everyone properly, unfortunately, there is an unfair distribution among nations and social groups. The United States is the net importer of food and culture from the rest of the world. While we make only five- percent of the worlds population, we import forty- percent of all beef traded, we buy one-third of all the fish and seafood and one-third of all dairy products. The overcompensation of... .... It costs only pennies a day and could make a tremendous disparity in a childs life. Think about all of the undersize change that we spend everyday. The facts provided are not given to be critical of any one person o r any particular Western country. Yet, they are facts, and are grim reality for so many disadvantaged people in these Third World countries. Instead of turning our backs on these individuals, we must abrasion educating ourselves on the large gap that consist between the rich and the poor. They are trapped in a pattern of overlapping vicious circles. The people in these poor countries had no choice in where they would be born, but we do have a choice in trying to make a difference in their lives. We must remember that they are human beings just as we are, and have been put at a disadvantage and we in the West are in the position to lessen their suffering.